EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. 303 



pains of privation of exercise, and the pains of extreme fatigue. In 

 early life, when all the muscles, as well as the senses, are fresh, the 

 muscular organs are very largely connected both with enjoyment and 

 with suffering. To accord full scope to the activity of the fresh organs 

 is a gratification that may take the form of a rich reward ; to refuse 

 this scope is the infliction of misery ; to compel exercise beyond the 

 limits of the powers is still greater misery. Our penal discipline adopts 

 the two forms of pain : in the milder treatment of the young, the irk- 

 someness of restraint ; in the severe methods with the full-grown, the 

 torture of fatigue. 



Again, the nervous system is subject to organic depression ; and 

 certain of our pains are due to this cause. The well-known state de- 

 nominated " tedium " is nervous uneasiness ; and is caused by undue 

 exercise of any portion of the nervous system. In its extreme forms 

 it is intolerable wretchedness. It is the suffering caused by penal im- 

 positions or tasks, by confinement, and by monotony of all kinds. The 

 acute sufferings of the nervous system, as growing out of natural causes, 

 are represented by neuralgic pains. It is in graduated artificial inflic- 

 tions, operating directly on the nerves by means of electricity, that we 

 may look for the physical punishments of the future, that are to dis- 

 place floggings and muscular torture. 



The interests of nourishment, as against privation of food, are 

 necessarily bound up with a large volume of enjoyment and suffering. 

 Starvation, deficiency and inferiority of food, are connected with de- 

 pression and misery of the severest kind ; inspiring the dread that most 

 effectually stimulates human beings to work, to beg, or to steal. The 

 obverse condition of a rich and abundant diet is in itself an almost suffi- 

 cient basis of enjoyment. The play of motives between those extremes 

 enables us to put forth an extensive sway over human conduct. 



An instructive distinction may be made between privation and hun- 

 ger ; likewise between their opposites. Privation is the positive defi- 

 ciency of nourishing material in the blood ; hunger is the craving of 

 the stomach at its usual times of being supplied, and is a local sensi- 

 bility, perhaps very acute, but not marked by the profound wretched- 

 ness of inanition. There may be plenty of material to go on with, al- 

 though we are suffering from stomachic hunger. Punishing, for once, 

 by the loss of a meal out of the three or four in the day, is unimportant 

 as regards the general vigor, yet very telling as a motive. Absolutely 

 to diminish the available nutriment of the system is a measure of great 

 severity ; to inflict a pending hunger is not the same thing. 



When we unite the acute pleasures of the palate with stomachic 

 relish and the exhilaration of abundance of food-material in a healthy 

 frame, we count up a large mass of pleasurable sensibility. Between 

 the lowest demands of subsistence and the highest luxuries of affluent 

 means there is a great range, available as an instrumentality of control 

 in the discipline of the young. The usual regimen being something 



