304 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



considerably above necessaries, and yet beneath the highest pitch of 

 indulgence, room is given to operate both by reduction and by increase 

 of luxury, without either mischief or pampering; and, the sensibility in 

 early years being very keen in those heads, the motive power is great. 

 Having in view the necessities of discipline with the young, the habitual 

 regimen in food should be pitched neither too low nor too high to per- 

 mit of such variations. It is the misfortune of poverty that this means 

 of influence is greatly wanting ; the next lower depth to the delinquent 

 child is the application of the stick. 



These are the chief departments of organic sensibility that contain 

 the motives made use of in reward and punishment. The inflictions of 

 caning and flogging operate upon the organ of the sense of touch, yet, 

 in reality, the effect is one to be classed among the pains of organic life, 

 rather than among tactile sensations ; it is a pain resulting from injury 

 or violence to the tissue in the first instance, and if carried far is de- 

 structive of life. Like all physical acute pains it is a powerful deterring 

 influence, and is doubtless the favorite punishment of every age and 

 every race of mankind. The limitations to its use demand a rigorous 

 handling ; but the consideration of these is mixed up with motives .af- 

 terward to be adverted to. 



The ordinary five senses contain, in addition to their intellectual 

 functions, many considerable sensibilities to pleasure and pain. The 

 pleasures can be largely made use of as incentives to conduct. The 

 pains might of course be also employed in the same way ; but with the 

 exceptions already indicated they very rarely are. We do not punish 

 by bad odors, nor by bitter tastes. Harsh and grating sounds may be 

 very torturing, but they are not used in discipline. The pains of sight 

 reach the highest acuteness, but as punishment they are found only in 

 the most barbarous codes. 



Postponing a review of the principles of punishment generally, we 

 approach the most perplexing department of motives the higher Emo- 

 tions. Few of the simple sensational effects are obtained in purity, 

 that is, without the intermingling of emotions. 



2. The Emotions. One large department of psychology is made up 

 of the classification, definition, and analysis of the Emotions. The ap- 

 plications of a complete theory of Emotion are numerous, and the sys- 

 tematic expansion must be such as to cope with all these applications. 

 We here narrow the subject to what is indispensable for the play of 

 motives in education. 



First of all, it is necessary to take note of the large region of So- 

 ciability, comprising the social emotions and affections. Next is the 

 department of Anti-social feeling Anger, Malevolence, and Lust of 

 Domination. Taking both the sources and the ramifications of these 

 two leading groups, we cover perhaps three-fourths of all the sensibility 

 that rises above the senses proper. They do not indeed exhaust the 

 fountains of emotion, but they leave no other that can rank as of first- 



