EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. 309 



bation and approbation combined, is, as I contend, the principal gen- 

 erating source of the ordinary moral sentiments of mankind, and the 

 inspiration of exceptional virtues. 



5. The Anti-social and Malign Emotions. The emotions of 

 Anger, Hatred, Antipathy, Rivalry, Contumely, have reference to other 

 beings, no less than Love or Affection, but in an opposite way. In spite 

 of the painful incidents in their manifestation the offense in the first 

 instance, and the dangers of reprisal they are a source of immediate 

 pleasure, often not inferior, and sometimes superior, in amount to the 

 pleasures of amity and gregarious cooperation. In numerous instances 

 people are willing to forego social and sympathetic delights to indulge 

 in the pleasures of malignity. 



In the work of discipline the present class of emotions occasions 

 much solicitude. They can in certain ways be turned to good account; 

 but, for the larger part, the business of the educator and the moralist 

 is to counterwork them as being fraught with unalloyed evil. 



Being a fitful or explosive passion, anger should, as far as possible, 

 be checked or controlled in the young; but there are no adequate 

 means, short of the very highest influence of the parent or teacher. 

 The restraint induced by the presence of a dread superior at the time 

 does not sink deep enough to make a habit ; opportunities are sought 

 and found to vent the passion with safety. The cultivation of the sym- 

 pathies and affections is what alone copes with angry passion, both as 

 a disturber of equanimity and as the prompter of wrong. The obverse 

 of ill-temper is the disposition that thinks less of harm done to self 

 and more of harm done to other people ; and, if we can do any- 

 thing to foster this disposition, we reduce the sphere of malignant 

 passion. The collateral incentives to suppress angry passion include, 

 besides the universal remedy of disaprobation, an appeal to the sense 

 of personal dignity and to the baneful consequences of passionate 

 outbursts. 



The worst form of malignant feeling is cold and deliberate delight 

 in cruelty; all too frequent, especially in the young. The torturing of 

 animals, of weak and defenseless human beings, is the spontaneous out- 

 flow of the perennial fountain of malevolence. This has to be checked, 

 if need be, at the expense of considerable severity. The inflictions 

 practised on those that are able to recriminate, generally find their own 

 remedy ; and the discipline of consequences is as effectual as any. By 

 having to fight our equals, we are taught to regulate our wrathful and 

 cruel propensities. 



The intense pleasure of victory contains the sweetness of malevo- 

 lence, heightened by some other ingredients. The prostration and 

 destruction of an enemy or a rival is, no doubt, the primary situation 

 where malevolent impulses had their rise ; and it continues to be, per- 

 haps, the very strongest stimulant of the human energies. Notwith- 

 standing its several drawbacks, we are obliged to give it a place among 



