THE PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 671 



much on the subject as is contained in the work of Linnreus, which was 

 then the standard authority. Now, how has that been brought about ? 

 If you consider what zoology, or the study of animals, signifies, you 

 will see that it means an endeavor to ascertain all that can be studied, 

 all the answers that can be given respecting any animal under four pos- 

 sible points of view. The first of these embraces considerations of 

 structure. An animal has a certain structure, a certain mode of devel- 

 opment, which means a series of stages in that structure. In the sec- 

 ond place, every animal exhibits a great number of active powers, the 

 knowledge of which constitutes its physiology ; and under those active 

 powers we have, as physiologists, not only to include such matters as 

 have been referred to by Dr. McDonnell in his observations, but to take 

 into account other kinds of activity. I see it announced that the Zoo- 

 logical Section of to-day is to have a highly-interesting paper by Sir 

 John Lubbock on the habits of ants. Ants have a polity, and exhibit a 

 certain amount of intelligence, and all these matters are proper sub- 

 jects for the study of the zoologist as far as he deals with the ant. 



There is yet a third point of view in which you may regard every 

 animal. It has a distribution. Not only is it to be found somewhere 

 on the earth's surface, but paleontology tells us, if we go back in time, 

 that the great majority of animals have had a past history that they 

 occurred in epochs of the world's history far removed from the present. 

 And, when we have acquired all that knowledge which we may enumer- 

 ate under the heads of anatomy, physiology, and distribution, there re- 

 mains still the problem of problems to the zoologist, which is the study 

 of the causes of those phenomena, in order that we may know how those 

 things came about. All these different forms of knowledge and inquiry 

 are legitimate subjects for science, there being no subject which is an 

 illegitimate subject for scientific inquiry, except such as involves a con- 

 tradiction in terms, or is itself absurd. Indeed, I don't know that I ought 

 to go quite so far as this at present, for, undoubtedly, there are many 

 benighted persons who have been in the habit of calling by no less bard 

 names conceptions which our president tells us must be regarded with 

 much respect. If we have four dimensions of space we may have forty 

 dimensions, and that would be a long way beyond that which is con- 

 ceivable by ordinary powers of imagination. I should, therefore, not 

 like to draw too closely the limits as to what may be contradiction to 

 the best-established principles. Now, let us turn to a proposition which 

 no one can possibly deny namely, that there is a distinct sense in 

 which man is an animal. There is not the smallest doubt of that prop- 

 osition. If anybody entertains a misgiving on that point, he has simply 

 to walk through the museum close by in order to see that man has a 

 structure and a framework which may be compared, point for point and 

 bone for bone, with those of the lower animals. There is not the small- 

 est doubt, moreover, that, as to the manner of his becoming, man is 

 developed, step by step, in exactly the same way as they are. There 



