742 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



likeness, and no confusion is made. What holds good of men holds 

 good equally of all other beings. I have observed this genesis in my- 

 self ; formerly rather hostile to dogs, now that I have a dog myself, I 

 feel well inclined toward the whole canine species, but most to that 

 part of it which has some characteristic feature in common with my 

 favorite. This, then, is the genesis of the benevolent disposition, that, 

 after having by confusion become well inclined toward certain things, 

 we feel the same benevolence toward each of their attributes ; when 

 we find these attributes in other things, we feel equally well inclined 

 toward them, and by confusion extend this benevolence to the indi- 

 vidual possessing the attribute. Hence it follows that the greater the 

 diversity among the individuals toward whom we acquire a benevolent 

 feeling when young, the wider the range of our sympathies, of the 

 benevolence we feel at once toward those with whom we come in con- 

 tact a fact of some importance in educational science. 



I do not know whether I shall have convinced my reader of the 

 soundness of my theory. Limited space and an inadequate power over 

 the language may have prevented me from attaining this end. But 

 the question is so important that even the mere suggestion of a possi- 

 ble theory might be accepted as of some use toward the final solution of 

 the problem, and as such I offer the foregoing pages. Mind. 







SKETCH OF CLAUDE BERNARD. 



CLAUDE BERNARD died at Paris, in February, 1878, in the sixty- 

 fifth year of his age. The nineteenth century produced Magendie, 

 Flourens, Johannes Midler, Charles Bell, Marshall Hall, and others, 

 who made great discoveries in human physiology ; but none of these 

 great men did more for the advancement of knowledge in this direction 

 than the subject of our sketch. Bernard was a pure physiologist ; and, 

 in his day, he was recognized as the great exponent of the experimental 

 school. His name is connected with important discoveries in nearly 

 every department of human physiology, and the influence of his method 

 has borne fruit wherever this science is studied. 



The career of Claude Bernard is a most interesting and instruc- 

 tive chapter in the history of the progress of physiology for the past 

 thirty-five years. The accounts of his life which have appeared in the 

 French journals give little information with regard to his early life. 

 It is simply stated that he was born in the village of Saint-Julien, near 

 Villefranche (Rhone), on the 12th of July, 1813, where he studied phar- 

 macy. When about twenty-one years of age, he went to Paris with 

 the manuscript of a tragedy. He had written a vaudeville, which had 

 been represented at Lyons ; it is not said with what success, but prob- 



