AMERICAN INDUSTRIES SINCE COLUMBUS. 157 



In Fig. 6 we have a view of the interior of an ancient " foun- 

 dry," in which the metal was taken direct from the blast-furnace 

 and used for the making of castings. In this engraving a work- 

 man (1) is taking the metal from the hearth of the furnace over 

 the dam F, with a ladle. Another workman (3) is " pouring " the 





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mold c, with metal from a hand-ladle ; while a boy (4) skims the 

 metal and prevents slag and other floating impurities from escap- 

 ing with the metal from the ladle ; close at hand is another mold, b, 

 ready for pouring. At 5 is a man pouring metal from a hand- 

 ladle into the "gate," Z, of a mold that is buried in the floor of 



