LITERARY NOTICES. 



279 



scliool system with methods as advanced . . . 

 and discipline as effective as in the justly 

 famed schools of New England." As early 

 as 1867 the public - school commissioners 

 acted in concert with the Freedraan's Bureau 

 to extend education to colored children. The 

 report for 1888 shows an enrollment in the 

 schools of 9S,919 colored pupils, with sala- 

 ries paid to colored teachers amounting to 

 $183,933.97. Among the State institutions 

 enumerated as educational is the Alabama In- 

 sane Hospital. The classification is scarcely 

 warrantable, although the leading forth and 

 restoration of mind rest on the same psy- 

 chological basis. The institution is worthy 

 of note on its own account. Under the care 

 of the distinguished alienist, Dr. Boyce, 1,01 1 

 patients are managed without mechanical 

 constraint, healthful and varied occupation 

 having been substituted for irrational con- 

 finement and isolation. This pamphlet is 

 fully illustrated with views of colleges, li- 

 brary, and laboratory interiors. 



In the preface to A Report on Medical 

 Education, Medical Colleges, and the Regula- 

 tion of the Practice of Medicine in the United 

 States and Canada, it is asserted that there 

 has been greater progress in the direction of 

 a higher medical education in the year 1889 

 than in the preceding five years. Various 

 States have made obligatory a preliminary 

 examination of those intending to pursue 

 medical studies, and three additional States 

 have passed acts requiring, as a condition of 

 practice, evidence of graduation at a medi- 

 cal college in good standing, or, a satisfac- 

 tory examination by an authorized board. 

 Twenty-seven colleges now insist upon four 

 years' study and three annual courses of lect- 

 ures, while only four made such require- 

 ment in 1889. It is suggested that the 

 standard will be further advanced in seven 

 institutions by the provision of four annual 

 series of lectures. The total number of col- 

 leges now in existence in the United States 

 and Canada is given as one hundred and 

 thirty-nine ; forty-seven of these are open to 

 both sexes. More than a hundred colleges 

 have chairs of Hygiene and Medical Juris- 

 prudence ; lectures on bacteriology are given 

 in six colleges and two post-graduate schools, 

 while a large number afford laboratory prac- 

 tice. The information furnished by the 

 pamphlet includes titles, locations, addresses 



of corresponding officers, curricula of study, 

 fees, number of matriculates and graduates. 

 The records of a large number of fraudu- 

 lent institutions are also given. The data 

 are arranged in alphabetical order as to 

 States ; but a full index is appended, by 

 means of which any medical school may be 

 readily located. 



In the Educational Value of Manual 

 Training, Prof. C. M. Woodward dissects the 

 arguments contained in a report on the sub- 

 ject made to the Council of Education in 

 July, 1889. To ground the reader fairly in 

 the debate, the report itself is printed in full, 

 also a critical review of it, by Gilbert B. 

 Morrison. The author fears that the report, 

 which has been published many times, may 

 lead to wrong inferences concerning manual 

 training. It is the fugitive side-discussions 

 and incidental definitions to which he objects. 

 He discusses the curriculum of the manual 

 training school ; school tool-work vs. trade- 

 work ; the age of pupils ; relation to social 

 evils ; comparison with pure science ; in- 

 tellectual powers ; the economic value, 

 and the argument against liberal culture 

 in tool-work. The gist of the matter ap- 

 pears to be that, while the committee con- 

 siders manual training per sc, Prof. Wood- 

 ward urges that the system of manual train- 

 ing i. e., intellectual, scientific, and manual 

 combined shall be the subject of investi- 

 gation. 



The spread of educational interest is il- 

 lustrated in A Short History of the Educa- 

 cational Society of Japan, 1S90. It is pub- 

 lished by the society, and printed at the 

 Tsukijo Kwappan Teizosho, Tokyo, Japan. 

 The present association is the resultant 

 from the union of two former societies, and 

 it has been in existence six years. Its out- 

 look is flourishing. It issues a journal, of 

 which 331,559 copies have been published 

 and has a library of 28,140 volumes, includ- 

 ing 750 European books as well as Japanese 

 and Chinese works. Rules for the govern- 

 ment of the society are given, and to these 

 is added a list of the patrons, officials, and 

 members. His Imperial Highness Prince 

 Arisugawa Taruhito, is honorary president 

 of the society. 



A course of Progressive Exercises in Prac- 

 tical Chemistry has been prepared by Dr. 

 Henry Leffmann and Mr. William Beam 



