TEE ARYAN QUESTION AND PREEISTOBIC MAN. 349 



short brunet broad-heads. The ordinary Savoyard may be de- 

 scribed in terms the converse of those which apply to. the ordinary 

 Swede. He is short, swarthy, dark-eyed, dark-haired, and his 

 skull is very broad. Between the two extreme types, the one 

 seated on the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic, and the 

 other on those of the Mediterranean, there are all sorts of inter- 

 mediate forms, in which breadth of skull may be found in tall 

 and in short blond men, and in tall brunet men. 



There is much reason to believe that the brunet broad-heads, 

 now met with in central France and in the west central European 

 highlands, have inhabited the same region, not only throughout 

 the historical period, but long before it commenced; and it is 

 probable that their area of occupation was formerly more exten- 

 sive. For, if we leave aside the comparatively late incursions of 

 the Asiatic races, the center of eruption of the invaders of the 

 southern moiety of Europe has been situated in the north and 

 west. In the case of the Teutonic inroads upon the empire of 

 Rome, it undoubtedly lay in the area now occupied by the blond 

 long-heads ; and, in that of the antecedent Gaulish invasions, the 

 physical characters ascribed to the leading tribes point to the 

 same conclusion. Whatever the causes which led to the breaking 

 out of bounds of the blond long-heads, in mass, at particular 

 epochs, the natural increase in numbers of a vigorous and fertile 

 race must always have impelled them to press upon their neigh- 

 bors, and thereby afford abundant occasions for intermixture. If, 

 at any given prehistoric time, we suppose the lowlands verging 

 on the Baltic and the North Sea to have been inhabited by pure 

 blond long-heads, while the central highlands were occupied by 

 pure brunet short-heads the two would certainly meet and inter- 

 mix in course of time, in spite of the vast belt of dense forest 

 which extended, almost uninterruptedly, from the Carpathians to 

 the Ardennes ; and the result would be such an irregular grada- 

 tion of the one type into the other as we do, in fact, meet with. 



On the southeast, east, and northeast, throughout what was 

 once the kingdom of Poland, and in Finland, the preponderance 

 of broad-heads goes along with a wide prevalence of blond com- 

 plexion and of good stature. In the extreme north, on the other 

 hand, marked broad-headedness is combined with low stature, 

 swarthiness, and more or less strongly Mongolian features, in the 



ployed in senses different from that which I have given in the definition of broad-heads 

 and long-heads. The cephalic index is a number which expresses the relation of the 

 breadth to the length of a skull, taking the latter as 100. Therefore, " broad-heads " 

 have the cephalic index above 80 and " long-heads " have it below SO. The physiological 

 value of the difference is unknown ; its morphological value depends upon the observed 

 fact of the constancy of the occurrence of either long skulls or broad skulls among large 

 bodies of mankind. 



