LITERARY NOTICES. 



417 



there can be no substantial and lasting 

 morality without a basis in inductive sci- 

 ence. We maintained this at a time when 

 the doctrine had few avowed friends and 

 many active enemies. We are exceedingly 

 gratified that now a dignified and ably ed- 

 ited magazine has been established in which 

 this idea can havo free and full expression. 

 Among the other articles in this number of 

 the Journal is The Law of Relativity in 

 Ethics, in which the author, Prof. Harald 

 Hoffding, of Copenhagen University, main- 

 tains that " in an ideal state only that would 

 be demanded of each individual which lay 

 within his range and power." Prof. J. B. 

 Clark, of Smith College, has a paper on The 

 Ethics of Land Tenure, in defense of private 

 ownership in land. Bernard Bosanquet 

 writes on The Communication of Moral 

 Ideas as a Function of an Ethical Society. 

 Dr. Abbot's "Way out of Agnosticism'' is 

 criticised by Prof. Royce very fully and 

 freely. As to this author's mode of think- 

 ing, Prof. Royce says, " Dr. Abbot's way is 

 not careful, is not novel, and, when thus set 

 forth to the people as new and bold and 

 American, it is likely to do precisely as 

 much harm to careful inquiry as it gets in- 

 fluence over immature or imperfectly trained 

 minds." A brief paper on A Service of 

 Ethics to Philosophy, bv William M. Salter, 

 of Chicago, suggests that " ethics not only 

 enlarges our philosophy by opening to our 

 view higher heights or deeper depths than 

 Science is aware of, but it gives us some- 

 thing ultimate in philosophy, ideas that may 

 be fairly classed as ultimate truths." The 

 Journal's book reviews are all signed. 



Emblematic Mounds and Animal Effigies 

 By Stephen D. Peet. Chicago: Ameri- 

 can Antiquarian Office. Pp 350. Price, 

 $3.50. 



This book is the second volume of a se- 

 ries to which the author has given the name 

 of Nadaillac's work Prehistoric America. 

 It is devoted to describing those mounds of 

 various shapes in our Western States which 

 it is thought were intended to represent the 

 forms of certain animals. The author has 

 aimed to describe all the effigy mounds in 

 the country; hence the volume, which is 

 based on his own explorations in Wisconsin, 

 Iowa, and Ohio, includes also the results 

 vol. xxxviii. 29 



gathered by other explorers in the same 

 States and in Dakota, Georgia, and Florida. 

 The descriptions are illustrated with two hun- 

 dred and thirty-seven cuts, besides numer- 

 ous plates, comprising plans of mounds, maps 

 of the localities in which they have been 

 found, and drawings of articles of aboriginal 

 workmanship. The figures of mounds are 

 generally silhouettes. The author gives the 

 following as the points that he has sought 

 to bring out by his explorations and descrip- 

 tions : " 1. The effigies were undoubtedly 

 imitations of the wild animals which were 

 once common in the region, but they are at 

 the same time totemic in their character 

 and may be supposed to represent many 

 things in the clan life of the people. 2. The 

 effigies are interesting as works of art, but, 

 at the same time, they were evidently used 

 for practical purposes, such as screens for 

 hunters, guards for villages, foundations for 

 houses, heaps on which sentinels were sta- 

 tioned. 3. There are some remarkable feat- 

 ures embodied in the effigies which render 

 them especially interesting, since they re- 

 veal certain strange superstitions and cus- 

 toms which are rarely found, but which are 

 suggestive of the religious system prevalent 

 in prehistoric times. 4. The question, Who 

 built the effigies ? is treated briefly, but is 

 left undecided." The successive chapters 

 deal with special divisions of the subject, 

 such as the animals represented by the effi- 

 gies, religious character of the emblematic 

 mounds, the location of the effigies as re- 

 lated to the topography, etc. The author is 

 editor of The American Antiquarian. 



Sugar Analysis. By Ferdinand G. Wiech- 

 mann, Ph. D. New Fork: John Wiley 

 & Sons. Pp. 187. Price, $2.50. 



This work is designed to be an authority 

 for use in refineries, sugar-houses, experi- 

 mental stations, schools of technology, etc. 

 Within the past few years numerous new 

 methods and modifications in old methods 

 of sugar analysis have been brought for- 

 ward, and many researches of importance 

 to the chemistry of sugar have been accom- 

 plished. This material is scattered through 

 so many publications, some of them being 

 foreign journals not readily accessible, that 

 it can be of use to the majority of American 

 students and practicing chemists only when 



