GREETING BY GESTURE. 629 



the state be the subject of suit in all cases where it has injured 

 its citizens by acts which would come within the cognizance of 

 laws between individuals ; let twelve men adjust the differences 

 between the one who has suffered for the good of the many and 

 the corporate body that represents the public. This is done in all 

 cases where property is taken by corporations created by the 

 state, and there is no reason to prevent the application of the 

 same rules to the principal as is applied to the agents. The time 

 has gone by for the invoking of ancient doctrines at the expense 

 of the liberty and the justice due to the citizen. 



Despite the fanciful theories of the new school of political 

 economists, the strong force of personal impulses and preferences 

 are the mainsprings from which the advancement of the world 

 takes its movement. The protection of the freedom and rights of 

 the individual against the power of the state is as important as 

 that society shall be protected against him, and any system of 

 laws or social science that ignores this fact is certain to retard 

 the cause of progressive government. 







GREETING BY GESTURE. 



Bt gaeeick malleey. 



II. 



Salutations without contact. The salutation now most 

 prevalent among civilized people is the bow. That, in its 

 abbreviated form, consists in a forward inclination of the head, 

 sometimes accentuated by a corresponding motion of the arms, 

 as in the salam, sometimes deepened by the depression of the 

 upper part of the body. It is regarded by Herbert Spencer as 

 merely a modification from the expressions of physical fear and 

 bodily subjection noticed among subhuman animals and the 

 lowest races of man. It originates, he says, with abject pros- 

 tration and groveling, to which crawling and kneeling succeed, 

 and the bow is but a simulated and partial prostration. An 

 argument for this explanation is drawn from usages of savages 

 and of antiquity. 



A large class of obeisances undoubtedly had their origin in 

 the attitudes of deprecation. A modern and familiar instance, also 

 illustrative of the religious attitude of adoration and supplica- 

 tion, is in the " hands up " of our Western plains, which is an 

 old Indian gesture sign for " no fight " or " surrender " the 

 palm of the empty hand being held toward the person to whom 

 the surrender is made or implied. The Thlinkits, in addition 

 to holding up their hands as a confession of utter helplessness, 



