728 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



which, arises by agreement under free competition, it must he 

 that which is imposed by authority. Unlike in appearance and 

 names as it may be to the old order of slaves and serfs, working 

 under masters, who were coerced by barons, who were themselves 

 vassals of dukes or kings, the new order wished for, constituted 

 by workers under foremen of small groups, overlooked by super- 

 intendents, who are subject to higher local managers, who are 

 controlled by superiors of districts, themselves under a central 

 government, must be essentially the same in principle. In one 

 case, as in the other, there must be established grades, and enforced 

 subordination of each grade to the grades above. This is a truth 

 which the communist or the socialist does not dwell upon. Angry 

 with the existing system under which each of us takes care of 

 himself, while all of us see that each has fair play, he thinks how 

 much better it would be for all of us to take care of each of us ; 

 and he refrains from thinking of the machinery by which this is 

 to be done. Inevitably, if each is to be cared for by all, then the 

 embodied all must get the means the necessaries of life. What 

 it gives to each must be taken from the accumulated contribu- 

 tions ; and it must therefore require from each his proportion 

 must tell him how much he has to give to the general stock in 

 the shape of production, that he may have so much in the shape 

 of sustentation. Hence, before he can be provided for, he must 

 put himself under orders, and obey those who say what he shall 

 do, and at what hours, and where ; and who give him his share of 

 food, clothing, and shelter. If competition is excluded, and with 

 it buying and selling, there can be no voluntary exchange of so 

 much labor for so much produce ; but there must be apportion- 

 ment of the one to the other by appointed officers. This appor- 

 tionment must be enforced. Without alternative the work must 

 be done, and without alternative the benefit, whatever it may be, 

 must be accepted. For the worker may not leave his place at 

 will and offer himself elsewhere. Under such a system he can 

 not be accepted elsewhere, save by order of the authorities. And 

 it is manifest that a standing order would forbid employment in 

 one place of an insubordinate member from another place: the 

 system could not be worked if the workers were severally allowed 

 to go or come as they pleased. With corporals and sergeants 

 under them, the captains of industry must carry out the orders of 

 their colonels, and these of their generals, up to the council of the 

 commander-in-chief ; and obedience must be required throughout 

 the industrial army as throughout a fighting army. " Do your 

 prescribed duties, and take your apportioned rations," must be 

 the rule of the one as of the other. 



"Well, be it so," replies the socialist. "The workers will 

 appoint their own officers, and these will always be subject to 



