LITERARY NOTICES. 



847 



twice in the first cycle of photographs. The 

 plates overlapped, so that a spectrum which 

 appeared near the corner of one plate would 

 appear near the center of another. The 

 work was then repeated by a second similar 

 cycle of plates. Each star should, in gen- 

 eral, appear on four plates. Owing to the 

 overlapping of the regions and the repeti- 

 tion of plates which were not satisfactory, 

 this number is greatly increased for many 

 of the stars. The faintest stars appear on 

 only one plate. In this case a second inde- 

 pendent measure was always made. Eight 

 type photographs of as many stars are 

 given in the frontispiece to the volume. 

 But the general appearance of a copy of a 

 photograph varies so much with changes in 

 exposure and development that it is difficult 

 to convey an idea of the original negative by 

 a paper print. 



Guides for Science Teaching. No. VIII, 

 Insecta. By Ai.r-HEUS Hyatt and J. M. 

 Arms. Boston : D. C. Heath & Co., Pub- 

 lishers. 1890. 



The teachers are again under obligations 

 to Prof. Hyatt and also to his coadjutor Miss 

 Arms for the admirable Guide which is now 

 before us. One follows a path laid out by 

 this distinguished naturalist sure that he 

 will have no pitfall in the way. He does 

 not start on a road that is just six weeks 

 long, but finds a broad avenue, with here 

 and there places where he can use his own 

 powers of observation and perhaps find a 

 shorter cut. As stated in the preface, the 

 Guide is a series of replies to questions which 

 have arisen in the minds of its authors while 

 teaching. " Teacher and scholars should rec- 

 ognize that science is infinite, and demands 

 from all its votaries a modest acknowledg- 

 ment of this fact. They should work more 

 as companions learning from each other's 

 observations, and less as teacher and pupils, 

 than in those studies which can be taught 

 from written treatises." The Guide is illus- 

 trated by 223 figures, derived from the 

 highest sources or drawn from originals, 

 and presents the latest knowledge concern- 

 ing the structure and classification of in- 

 sects. To an old-time entomologist it will 

 seem odd to find other groups raised to the 

 dignity of the seven well-known orders, for 

 now we have to face sixteen orders. This, 

 after all, simplifies the work of analysis. 



A unique diagrammatical plate, showing the 

 probable origin of the different orders and 

 their relation to each other ; a synopsis of 

 the contents ; a list of letters and signs 

 which are uniform throughout the book ; 

 and an exhaustive index at the end com- 

 bine to make the work an indispensable 

 guide to the study of insects. 



Higher Education of Women in Europe. 

 By Helene Lange, of Berlin. Translated 

 and accompanied by Comparative Statis- 

 tics by L. R. Klemm, Ph. D. Inter- 

 national Education Series. Edited by 

 W. T. Harris, LL. D. New York : D. 

 Appleton&Co. Pp. 36 + 186. Price, $1. 



In this work, those interested in the 

 higher education of women (and who out of 

 Germany are not ?) will find a most rational 

 treatment of the subject. 



In the editor's preface attention is called 

 to the changed condition of women by the 

 advent of labor-saving machinery, which has 

 taken the old hand-labor from thousands. 

 Multitudes who were formerly occupied are 

 stranded for want of something to do. The 

 incompetent become paupers. This condi- 

 tion presses harder upon the women, and 

 avenues of rough industry which are closed 

 against them drive them to immoral lives. 

 It is believed, and with good reason, that, if 

 every avenue of work was opened equally to 

 women, different results would follow. 



The figures given by Dr. Klemm show 

 that the question of the higher education of 

 women is no longer a problem in this coun- 

 try, and England is fast following our exam- 

 ple. In other European countries, notably 

 in Prussia, the case is far different, and in 

 the one occupation for which women are 

 eminently fitted, that of teachers, not more 

 than ten per cent are found in this field, 

 as compared with the United States, where 

 sixty-three per cent of the entire number of 

 teachers are women ; taking the cities of the 

 United States alone, over ninety per cent are 

 women. Now, either one of two things is to 

 be noted from these figures either we are 

 committing a colossal blunder or the Ger- 

 mans are. 



Miss Lange says : " The English teacher 

 and principal enjoys unquestioned authority, 

 externally and internally. In German pub- 

 lic girls' schools the older students know, or 

 instinctively feel, that the education of the 



