HARD WI CKES S CIENCE - G O SSI P. 



221 



noted and remembered, in order, when July comes 

 round again, to obtain the flowers. Sometimes in a 

 brake three or four species of bramble will be found 

 growing together, their branches intertangled : care 

 must be taken in such cases, when making cuttings, 

 to avoid mistakes ; flowering branches should always 

 be taken with sections of the old stem attached, and 

 in making sections of the new stem it should always 

 be so done as to include a leaf. Notes also 

 should be entered in a memorandum-book relative 

 to soil and locality ; habit of growth ; colour of 

 the leaves, on the upper as well as under-surface ; 

 shape and colour of the petals ; colour of the styles, 

 filaments, stems, &c, — points which cannot be de- 

 termined from dried specimens. Good localities for 

 research arc the borders of copses in open upland 

 situations, bushy places in old chalk and gravel pits, 

 shady unfrequented lanes, swampy woods, gravelly 

 commons, and the bushy borders of sandy and peaty 

 heaths. 



ON A "TANGLE" DREDGE. 

 By H. C. C. M. 



HAVING spent my holidays for several years 

 past in shore-collecting on the North Welsh 

 coast with considerable success, T determined this 



further communications on the subject before having 

 a dredge made. In the following number of Science • 

 Gossip Mr. E. Lovett, of Croydon, recommends a 

 dredge of hemp "tangles " as being superior in some 

 respects to the ordinary form. Not clearly under- 

 standing how Mr. Lovett would construct his dredge, 

 I wrote to him for further particulars, and the con- 

 struction of the dredge, which I will now attempt to 

 describe, is the result of several suggestions made in 

 his courteous reply. My thanks are also due to 

 David Keid, Esq., of Oldham-street, Manchester, for 

 one or two valuable hints. A, fig. 185, is a piece of 

 brass wire, about the thickness of a lead pencil, and 

 16 inches long, each end of which is firmly soldered 

 into a boat-shaped piece of lead, BB, 4 inches in 

 length. Lengthwise through each piece of lead a 

 piece of brass wire, CC, about half the thickness of 

 A, and 10 inches long, is fastened, with the ends 

 bent round in the form of a ring. D is a V-shaped 

 piece of brass wire of the same thickness as CC, the 

 two arms of which are each 15 inches long, and the 

 ends are firmly hooked to the rings of CC. To this 

 the towing line is tied. EE are bundles of rope 

 4 feet long, the strands of which are untwisted, and 

 the fibres pulled out, until they resemble bundles of 

 coarse, rough string. These are firmly tied to the 

 bar A. Fig. 186 shows the bar A and the boat-shaped 



186. Diagram showing the Tangle-dredge at work, supported by runners. 



"runners" in section, and it will be seen that the 

 bar is bent upwards, to allow of its passage over large 

 specimens without injuring them by its weight. Fig. 

 187 shows the complete dredge as it appears when 

 travelling over the ground. I found that, in order to 

 make the machine fall to the bottom with the keels 

 of the runners on the ground, it was necessary to have 



Fig. 185. A New Tangle-dredge. 



year to attempt dredging in the Menai Straits^ 

 Happening to notice a query in Science-Gossip for 

 March about dredging, I thought I would wait for 



Fig. 187. Section of Tangle-dredge as it appears when 

 travelling over the ground . 



the boat rowed against the current, and to put it into 

 the water in the proper position, allowing it to fall 

 to the bottom very gradually. Although I did not 

 get a large number of specimens, my captures included 

 sponges, sertularians, echinoderms (including some 

 very fine specimens of O. rosula and 0. neglccta), 



