RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS. 41 



intercourse of the world. The extensive explorations "by them in 

 Northern Siberia, and of the rivers that flow into the Arctic. The 

 many journeys, explorations, geographical and archaeological, made 

 through Southern Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, and the 

 northern regions of India, and explorations of the like character in 

 Burmah, Siam, and Cambodia. The settlement of the French in Co- 

 ehin-China, and journeys to a partial extent in Corea, and to a greater 

 extent in Mantchooria. The Euphrates Expedition. The continuation 

 of the great survey of India. The survey of Palestine, and the cutting 

 of the Suez Canal. 



In Africa: the discovery of the great lakes, as well those which 

 are the reservoirs of the Nile, as those lying south of the equator. 

 The exploration of the country south of Abyssinia, between these lakes 

 and the eastern coast, and the discovery of the great range of moun- 

 tains in that region, with their snow-capped peaks, the most ele- 

 vated land in Africa. The military occupation of Abyssinia and of 

 Ashantee by the English ; the extensive journeys and researches in 

 Northern and Northeastern Africa, by Barth, Overweg, Richardson, 

 Rohlfs, Schweinfurth, Miani, Nachtigal, and others. The various ex- 

 peditions and individual journeys along the western coast, and the 

 explorations of its immediate interior by Du Chailln, Burton, Baines, 

 Blyden, Gandy, Giissfeldt, etc., etc. The two journeys across Central 

 Africa, from east to west, and west to east, by Dr. Livingstone ; his 

 journey from the Cape upward ; his exploration of the Zambezi, and 

 of the countries by which it is watered ; his discovery of the great 

 network of rivers and lakes in Central Africa, below the equator, which 

 he was pursuing at the time of his death, and the following up of that 

 exploration by Lieutenant Cameron, with the latter's journey through 

 Central Africa, from east to west. The numerous explorations in 

 South and Southeastern Africa, from the Orange River to the Limpopo, 

 and from that point along the eastern coast and its interior, as far as 

 the parallel of Zanzibar, which, with the exploration of the imperfect- 

 ly known parts of the Island of Madagascar by Grandidier and Mul- 

 lins, is but a very general statement of what has been done in Africa. 

 "What exploration has accomplished in Africa may be judged by a sin- 

 gle fact. In 1850 the area of cultivated land in Egypt was 2,000,000 

 of acres ; in 1874 it was 5,000,000. 



I may next refer to the numerous explorations around and across 

 the great continent of Australia from Sturt's early journey to the last 

 ones of Warburton and Forster. The survey of large portions of the 

 coast of Papua or New Guinea, and explorations in the interior by 

 Beccaria, D'Albertis, Meyer, Van Rosenberg, and MacLeay. The 

 explorations in Formosa by Steere, Le Gendre, and others, and the 

 settlement of colonies and the establishment of governments by the 

 English in New Zealand and the Feejee Islands. The explorations of 

 the Arctic to within sight of the eighty-third parallel of north latitude, 



