PETROLEUM. 



H3 



Cahours, and Schorlemmer. The first and second were found by 

 Fouque in gaseous exhalations from petroleum-wells at Petrolia (and 

 Fredonia, New York) ; the third in similar exhalations from wells at 

 Pioneer Run. 



MARSH-GAS SERIES. FORMULA CnII 2n + 2 . 



No. 



1 



2 



8 



4 



5 



6 



7 



8 



9 

 10 

 11 

 12 

 13 

 14 



NAME. 



Methyl hvdrid (methanl. . . 



Ethyl' hydrid (a?than) 



Propyl hydrid (propan) 



Butyl h." (normal butan). . . 



Pseiido-butan 



Amyl h. (normal peutan) . . 



Dimethyl-propan 



Hexyl li. (normal hexan).. . 



^Ethyl-isobutyl .... 



Heptyl h. (normal septan).. 



JSthyl-amyl 



Octyl h. (normal octan). . . . 



An isomer of No. 12 



Nonyl hydrid (nonan) 



Observer. 



F. 



F. 



F. R. 



W. 



W. 

 P.&C.,W.,S 



P.&C.,W.,S. 



w. 

 w., s. 

 w., s. 



w. 

 W., P. & c. 



w. 



Pelouze and Cahours carry the marsh-gas series to C 16 H 32 , hut 

 Warren concluded that it terminates with C 9 H 20 , and that the oils of 

 higher density and atomic numbers belong to the ethylene series. 



On inspecting the above table it will be seen that numbers 4, 7, 9, 

 11, 13, and 14, have a common difference of about 30 C. between each 

 in succession, in regard to their boiling-points ; and that numbers 

 6, 8, 10, and 12, have a similar common difference, and are each about 

 8 higher in their boiling-points than the ones next below them. On 

 this account, Warren divided them into two groups ; but he included 

 here another C 4 H 10 , with a boiling-point of 8 to 9, which is, according 

 to Sadtler, a mixture of the two given in the table. 



Besides the members of the marsh-gas series given above, Ameri- 

 can petroleum yields liquids boiling above 300 C, which on cooling 

 yield a solid mass called paraffine, white and transparent when pure. 

 It probably is a mixture of the higher members of the series C n H 2D+2 , 

 and on heating in a sealed tube is converted into a mixture of several 

 paraffines and olefines of lower molecular weight, liquid at ordinary 

 temperatures (Fownes). 



Of the ethylene series, Warren has found in Pennsylvania petro- 

 leum, decylene, C 10 H 20 , boiling-point 174.9 ; undecylene, C n H 2a , boil- 

 ing-point 195.8; and bidecylene, C 12 H 24 , boiling-point 216.2; these 

 have a difference of about 20 C. in their successive boiling-points. 



No higher series of hydrocarbons is yet known from Pennsylva- 

 nia petroleum, but members of the benzol series, C n H 2n _ 6 , have been 

 found in other petroleums. Thus De la Rue and Muller, in 1850, 

 found benzol, toluol, and xylol, in Rangoon tar ; Bussenius and Eisen- 

 stuck discovered xylol in petroleum from Sehnde, Hanover ; Pebal 

 and Freund detected benzol, C 6 H 6 , toluol, C 7 H 8 , xylol, C 8 H 10 , cumol, 

 C 9 H 12 , and cymol, C 10 H 14 , in naphtha from Boroslaw, Galicia; De la 



1 Not yet obtained in a pure state. 



