PETROLEUM. i S7 



the refining of 75 per cent, of the whole, at $2 per barrel, of over 

 $100,000,000. The stock of crude oil on hand at the wells, in December, 

 1875, was 3,550,207 barrels. The total export from the United States 

 during 1875 was: Crude petroleum, 378,532 barrels (of 40 gallons 

 each) ; refined, 5,086,785 ; naphtha, 344,978. The average price of 

 these in New York has been, per gallon : 



Crude, In Bulk. Kefined, in Barrels. Naphtha, in Barrels. 



1875 6.59 cents. 12.99 ctrnts. 9.67 cents. 



1874 5.86 " 13.09 " 8.85 " 



1873 7.62 " 18.21 " 11.07 " 



1872 12.80 " 23.75 " 14.81 " 



Estimating the freight at $2.50 per barrel to the sea-board, and 

 including the cost of refining and handling, Wrigley puts the total 

 value of petroleum exported to foreign parts from Pennsylvania, since 

 the beginning of the industry, at a minimum of $260,000,000. 



In 1874 nearly 600 wells were drilled, producing an average of 50 

 barrels each ; in 1875, about the same number, with an average of less 

 than 25 barrels ; and there were 3,125 producing-wells in Pennsylvania, 

 January 1, 1876 (Stowell). 



According to the rules of the New York Produce Exchange, crude 

 petroleum shall be understood to be pure, natural oil, neither steamed 

 nor treated, and free from water, sediment, or any adulteration, and 

 of the gravity of 40 to 47 Beaume. An allowance of one-half of one 

 per cent, for every quarter of a degree above 47 gravity shall be made 

 to the buyer. Refined petroleum shall be standard white or better, 

 with a fire-test of 110 Fahr. or upward. Settlements of contracts 

 shall be as follows : Barreled oil or naphtha, on a basis of forty-six 

 gallons per barrel ; refined oil, in bulk, forty-five gallons ; crude oil, 

 in bulk, forty gallons. 



Dr. Chandler states that the average cost per hour of light equal 

 to eight candles is as follows the gas being sixteen-candle power, 

 with a five-foot burner, the standard kerosene flashing at 115 Fahr., 

 and the sperm-candles burning each 120 grains per hour : 



From sperm-candles, at 42 cents per pound 5.76 cents. 



Gas, at $3 per 1,000 feet 0.75 " 



Mineral sperm-oil, in German student-lamp, at 75 cents per gallon. . 0.57 " 



" " in Merrill's lamp 0.48 " 



Astral oil, in flat-wick lamp, at 50 cents per gallon 0.46 " 



" " in German student-lamp 0.44 " 



" " in Merrill's lamp 0.34 " 



Standard kerosene, in flat-wick lamp, at 40 cents per gallon 0.33 " 



" " in German student-lamp 0.31 " 



" " in Merrill's lamp 0.28 " 



