224 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



from the viscera are undoubtedly very important in relation to ani- 

 mal life generally. In part they have the effect of causing contrac- 

 tions of related muscular portions of the viscera as when the presence 

 of food in certain portions of the alimentary canal excites impressions, 

 followed by contraction whereby the food is propelled farther on. 

 In part, however, they act upon the principal nerve-ganglia those 

 constituting the brain and thus excite the external sense-organs 

 with which they are connected to a higher order of activity. Visceral 

 impressions may cause an animal eagerly to pursue food, or to be alert 

 in discovering its mate ; so that in these, and in many other instances, 

 internal impressions, reaching the cerebral ganglia, would seem to 

 excite a higher receptivity to certain kinds of external impressions 

 and a corresponding readiness to respond on the part of the moving 

 organs whose activity is related to such external impressions. 



SCIENCE AND THE LOGICIANS. 



By DAVID BOYD, A.M. 



"TNDER the above heading may be comprehended the most of 

 vJ what we are desirous of saying in review of the article entitled 

 " Science and Religion," by Dr. Charles F. Deems, in The Popular 

 Science Monthly for February. 



We first run counter to the author upon the definition of science 

 taken from Sir William Hamilton's " Logic." Says he : " We can all 

 aiford to agree upon the definition rendered by the only man who has 

 been found in twenty-two centuries to add anything important to the 

 imperial science of logic. Sir William Hamilton defines science as a 

 complement of cognitions having in point of form the character of 

 logical perfection, in point of matter the character of real truth." 



In the first place, Hamilton is not the only man since Aristotle 

 that has been found to add anything important to logic. There has 

 been a whole department, and by far the most valuable department 

 of that science, brought into existence during the last three hundred 

 years. We have reference to inductive logic, or scientific method. 

 Hamilton had nothing to do with the creation of this department. 

 His additions are wholly confined to the barren field of formal logic. 

 The other department is the result of the joint labors of Bacon, Gali- 

 leo, Newton, Herschel (John), Mill, Bain, and Jevons. 



Hamilton's additions to formal logic consist chiefly in what is 

 known as the quantification of the predicate, and the moods and 

 figures consequent upon this. There is much difference of opinion as 

 to the value of these additions. Mill and Bain affirm that by the 

 quantification of the predicate no new or distinct meaning is conveyed, 



