PREDATORY AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES. 725 



exists in nearly all cases, and disguises the structure which social 

 Btistentation alone otherwise originates. Such conception as may be 

 formed of it Las to be formed from what we find in the few simple soci- 

 eties that have been habitually peaceful, and in the advanced com- 

 pound societies which, though once habitually militant, have become 

 gradually less so. 



Already I have referred to the chiefless Arafuras, living in " peace 

 and brotherly love with one another," of whom we are told that " they 

 recognize the rights of property in the fullest sense of the word, with- 

 out there being any authority among them than the decisions of their 

 elders, according to the customs of their forefathers;" that is, there 

 has grown up a recognition of mutual claims and personal rights, 

 with voluntary submission to a tacitly-elected representative govern- 

 ment, formed of the most experienced. Among the Todas, who 

 " lead a peaceful, tranquil life," disputes are " settled either by arbi- 

 tration " or by " a council of five." The amiable Bodo and Dhimals, 

 said to be wholly unmilitary, display an essentially free social form. 

 They have nothing but powerless head-men, and are without slaves or 

 servants; but they give mutual assistance in clearing ground and 

 house-building. There is voluntary exchange of services giving 

 of equivalents of labor. The Mishmis, again, described as quiet, inof- 

 fensive, not warlike, and only occasionally uniting in self-defense, 

 have scarcely any political organization. Their village communities, 

 under merely nominal chiefs, acknowledge no common chief of the 

 tribe, and the rule is democratic. Crimes are judged by an assembly. 



Naturally, few, if any, cases occur in which societies of this type 

 have evolved into larger societies without passing into the predatory 

 type ; for, as we have seen, the consolidation of simple aggregates 

 into a compound aggregate habitually results from war, defensive or 

 offensive, Avhich, if continued, evolves a centralized authority with 

 its coercive institutions. The Pueblos, however, industrious and 

 peaceful agriculturists, who, building their unique villages, or com- 

 pound houses, containing 2,000 people, in such ways as t,o " wall out 

 black barbarism," fight only when invaded, show us a democratic 

 form of government. "The governor and his council are elected 

 annually by the people." The case of Samoa, too, may be named as 

 showing, to some extent, how, in one of these compound communities, 

 where the warlike activity is now not considerable, decline in the 

 rigidity of political control has gone along with some evolution of 

 the industrial type. Chiefs and minor heads, partly hereditary and 

 partly elective, are held responsible for the conduct of affairs ; there 

 are village parliaments and district parliaments. Along with this we 

 find a considerably-developed sustaining organization separate from 

 the political masters, who have apprentices, employ journeymen, 

 and pay wages ; and, when payment for work is inadequate, there are 

 even strikes, upheld by a tacit trades-unionism. 



