72 6 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Passing to more evolved societies, it must be observed, first, that 

 the distinctive traits of the industrial type do not become marked, 

 even where the industrial activity is considerable, so long as the in- 

 dustrial government remains identified with the political. In Phoe- 

 nicia, for example, " the foreign wholesale trade seems to have be- 

 longed mostly to the state, the kings, and the nobles. . . . Ezekiel 

 describes the King of Tyrus as a prudent commercial prince, who finds 

 out the precious metals in their hidden seats, enriches himself by get- 

 ting them, and increases these riches by further traffic." Clearly, where 

 the political and military heads have thus themselves become the 

 heads of the industrial organization, the traits distinctive of it are 

 prevented from showing themselves. Of ancient societies, to be 

 named in connection with the relation between industrial activities 

 and free institutions, Athens will be at once thought of; and, by con- 

 trast with other Greek states, it showed this relation as clearly as can 

 be expected. Up to the time of Solon, all these communities were 

 under either oligarchs or despots. The rest of them, in which war 

 continued to be the honored occupation, while industry was despised, 

 retained this political type ; but in Athens, where industry was regard- 

 ed with comparative respect, where it was encouraged by Solon, and 

 where immigrant artisans found a home, there commenced an indus- 

 trial organization, which, gradually growing, distinguished the Athe- 

 nian society from adjacent societies, as it was distinguished from 

 them by those democratic institutions that' simultaneously developed. 



Turning to later times, the relation between a social regime pre- 

 dominantly industrial and a less coercive form of rule, is shown us 

 by the Hanse Towns, by the towns of the Low Countries, out of 

 which the Dutch Republic rose, and in high degrees by ourselves, by 

 the United States, and by our colonies. Along with wars less fre- 

 quent, and these carried on at a distance ; and along with an accom- 

 panying growth of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, beyond 

 that of Continental states more military in habit there has gone in 

 England a development of free institutions. As further implying 

 that the two are related, as cause and consequence, there may be 

 noted the fact that the regions whence changes toward greater politi- 

 cal liberty have come are the leading industrial regions ; and that 

 rural districts, less characterized by constant trading transactions, 

 have retained longer the earlier type, with its appropriate sentiments 

 and ideas. In the form of ecclesiastical government we see parallel 

 changes. Where the industrial activities and structures evolve, this 

 branch of the regulating system, no longer, as in the predatory type, 

 a rigid hierarchy, little by little loses strength, while there grows up 

 one of a different kind ; sentiments and institutions both relaxing. 

 Right of private judgment in religious matters gradually establishes 

 itself along with establishment of political rights. In place of a uni- 

 form belief imperatively enforced, there come multiform beliefs vol- 



