PREDATORY AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES. 727 



untarily accepted; and the ever-multiplying bodies espousing these 

 beliefs, instead of being governed despotically, govern themselves 

 after a manner more or less representative. Military conformity, co- 

 ercively maintained, gives place to a varied non-conformity main- 

 tained by willing union. 



The industrial organization itself, which thus, as it becomes pre- 

 dominant, affects all the rest, of course shows us in an especial degree 

 this change of structure. From the primitive predatory condition, 

 under which the master maintains slaves to work for him, there is a 

 transition through stages of increasing freedom to a condition like 

 our own, in which all who work and employ, buy and sell, are entirely 

 independent ; and in which there is an unchecked power of forming 

 associations that rule themselves on democratic principles. Combina- 

 tions of workmen, and counter-combinations of employers, no less 

 than political societies and leagues for carrying on this or that agi- 

 tation, show us the representative mode of government ; which char- 

 acterizes also every joint-stock company for mining, banking, railway- 

 making, or other commercial enterprise. Further, we see that, as in 

 the predatory type the military mode of regulation ramifies into all 

 minor departments of social activity, so here does the industrial 

 mode of regulation. Multitudinous objects are achieved by spon- 

 taneously-evolved combinations of citizens governed representatively. 

 The tendency to this kind of organization is so ingrained that, for 

 every proposed end, the proposed means is a society ruled by an 

 elected committee headed by an elected chairman philanthropic 

 associations of multitudinous kinds, literary institutions, libraries, 

 clubs, bodies for fostering the various sciences and arts, etc., etc. 



Along with all which traits there go sentiments and ideas con- 

 cerning the relation between the citizen and the state, opposite to those 

 accompanying the predatory type. In place of the doctrine that the 

 duty of obedience to the governing agent is unqualified, there arises 

 the doctrine that the will of the citizens is supreme, and the governing 

 agent exists merely to carry out their will. Thus subordinated in 

 authority, the regulating power is also restricted in range. Instead 

 of having an authority extending over actions of all kinds, it is shut 

 out from large classes of actions. Its control over ways of living in 

 respect to food, clothing, amusements, is repudiated ; it is not allowed 

 to dictate modes of production, nor to regulate trade. Nor is this 

 all. It becomes a duty to resist irresponsible government, and also 

 to resist the excesses of responsible government. There arises a 

 tendency in minorities to disobey even the legislature deputed by the 

 majority, when it interferes in certain ways; and their oppositions to 

 laws they condemn as inequitable from time to time cause abolition 

 of them. With w r hich changes of political theory and accompanying- 

 sentiment is joined a belief, implied or avowed, that the combined 

 actions of the social aggregate have for their end to maintain the 



