728 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



conditions under which individual lives may be satisfactorily carried 

 on ; in place of the old belief that individual lives have for their end 

 the maintenance of this aggregate's combined actions. 



These pervading traits, in which the industrial type differs so 

 widely from the predatory type, originate in those relations of indi- 

 viduals implied by industrial activities, which are wholly unlike those 

 implied by predatory activities. All trading transactions, whether 

 between masters and workmen, buyers and sellers of commodities, or 

 professional men and those they aid, are effected by free exchange. 

 For some benefit which A's occupation enables him to give, B will- 

 ingly yields up an equivalent benefit ; if not in the form of something 

 he has produced, then in the form of money gained by his occupation. 

 This relation, in which the mutual rendering of services is unforced 

 and neither individual subordinated, becomes the predominant rela- 

 tion throughout society, in proportion as the industrial activities pre- 

 dominate. Daily determining the thoughts and sentiments, daily 

 disciplining all in asserting their own claims, while forcing them to 

 recognize the correlative claims of others, it produces social units 

 whose mental structures and habits mould social arrangements into 

 corresponding forms. There results this type characterized through- 

 out by that same individual freedom which every commercial trans- 

 action implies. The cooperation by which the multiform activities 

 of the societies are carried on, becomes a voluntary cooperation. 

 And while the developed sustaining system, which gives to a social 

 organism the industrial type, acquires for itself, like the developed 

 sustaining system of an animal, a regulating apparatus of a diffused 

 or uncentralized kind, it tends also to decentralize the primary regu- 

 lating apparatus, by making it derive from more numerous classes its 

 deputed powers. 



Necessarily the essential traits of these two social types are in 

 most cases obscured, both by the antecedents and by the coexisting 

 circumstances. Every society has been, at each past period, and is 

 at present, conditioned in a way more or less unlike the ways in 

 which others have been and are conditioned. Hence, the production 

 of structures, characterizing one or other of these opposed types, is, 

 in every instance, furthered, or hindered, or modified, in a special 

 manner. Observe the several kinds of causes. 



There is, first, the deeply-organized character of the particular 

 race, coming down from those prehistoric times during which the 

 diffusion of mankind, and differentiation of the varieties of man, took 

 place. Very difficult to change, this must in every case qualify dif- 

 ferently the tendency toward assumption of either type. 



There is, next, the effect due to the immediately preceding mode 

 of life and social type. Nearly always the society we have to study 

 contains decayed institutions and habits belonging to an ancestral 



