PREDATORY AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, -jzg 



society otherwise circumstanced ; and these pervert, more or less, the 

 effects of circumstances then existing. 



Again, there are the peculiarities of the habitat in respect of 

 contour, soil, climate, flora, fauna, severally affecting in one mode 

 or other the activities, whether predatory or industrial; and sever- 

 ally hindering or aiding, in some special way, the development of 

 either type. 



Yet further, there are the complications caused by the particular 

 organizations and practices of surrounding societies. For, supposing 

 the amount of offensive or defensive action to be the same, the na- 

 ture of it depends in each case on the nature of* the antagonist action ; 

 and hence its reactive effects on structure vary with the character of 

 the antagonist. Add to this that direct imitation of adjacent socie- 

 ties is a factor of some moment. 



There remains to be named an element of complication more po- 

 tent perhaps than any of these one which of itself often goes far to 

 determine the type as predatory, and which in every case profoundly 

 modifies the social arrangements. I refer to the mixture of races, 

 caused by conquest or otherwise. We may properly treat of it sep- 

 arately under the head of social constitution not, of course, consti- 

 tution politically understood, but constitution understood as referring 

 to the relative homogeneity or heterogeneity of the units constituting 

 the social aggregate. 



" Inevitably as the nature of the aggregate, partially determined 

 by environing conditions, is in other respects determined by the 

 natures of its units, where its units are of diverse natures, the degrees 

 of contrast between the two or more kinds of them, and the degrees 

 of union between them, must greatly affect the results. Are they 

 of unallied races, or of races near akin ? and do they remain separate, 

 or do they mix ? 



If units of two kinds are joined in the same society, their respec- 

 tive tendencies to evolve structures more or less unlike in character 

 must modify the product. And the special modification will in every 

 case further or hinder the evolution of one or the other social type. 

 Clearly, where it has happened that a conquering race, continuing 

 to govern a subject race, has developed the predatory regulating 

 system throughout the whole social structure, and for ages habitu- 

 ated its units to compulsory cooperation where it has also happened 

 that the correlative ecclesiastical system, with its appropriate cult, has 

 given to absolute subordination the religious sanction and especially 

 where, as in China, each individual is moulded by the governing power 

 and stamped with the appropriate ideas of duty which it is heresy to 

 question, it becomes impossible for any considerable change to be 

 wrought in the social structure by other influences. It is the law of 

 all organization that as it becomes complete it becomes rigid. Only 

 where incompleteness implies a remaining plasticity is it possible for 



