732 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Omitting those lowest types which show no differentiations at all, we 

 have but few exceptions to the rule that each society has structures 

 for carrying on conflict with other societies and structures for carry- 

 ing on sustentation ; and the ratios between these admitting of all 

 gradations, it results that no specific classification can be based on 

 their relative developments. Nevertheless, as the predatory type, 

 characterized by predominance of the one, is framed on the principle 

 of compulsory cooperation, while the industrial type, characterized by 

 predominance of the other, is framed on the principle of voluntary 

 cooperation, the two types, when severally evolved to their extreme 

 forms, are diametrically opposed ; and the contrasts between their 

 traits are among the most important with which sociology has to 

 deal. 



Were this the fit place, some pages might be added respecting a 

 possible future social type, differing as much from the industrial as 

 this does from the predatory atype which, having a sustaining sys- 

 tem more fully developed than any we know at present, will use the 

 products of industry neither for maintaining a predatory organization 

 nor exclusively for material aggrandizement ; but will devote them 

 to the carrying on of higher activities. As the contrast between the 

 predatory and the industrial types is indicated by inverting the belief 

 that individuals exist for the benefit of the state into the belief that 

 the state exists for the benefit of individuals, so the contrast between 

 the industrial type and the type likely to be evolved from it is indi- 

 cated by the inversion of the belief that life is for work into the belief 

 that work is for life. But we are here concerned with inductions de- 

 rived from societies that have been and are, and cannot enter upon 

 speculations respecting societies that may be. Merely naming as a 

 sign the multiplication of institutions and appliances for intellectual 

 and aesthetic culture, and for kindred activities not of a directly life- 

 sustaining kind, but of a kind having gratification for their immedi- 

 ate purpose, I can here say no more. 



Returning from this parenthetical suggestion, there remains the 

 remai-k that to the complications caused by the crossings of these 

 two classifications have to be added the complications caused by the 

 unions of races widely unlike or little unlike ; which here mix not at 

 all, there partially, and in other cases wholly. Respecting these 

 kinds of constitutions, we have considerable warrant for concluding 

 that the hybrid kind, essentially unstable, admits of being organized 

 only on the principle of compulsory cooperation ; since units much op- 

 posed in their natures cannot work together spontaneously. While, 

 conversely, the kind characterized by likeness in its units is relatively 

 stable ; and under fit conditions may evolve into the industrial type, 

 especially if the likeness is qualified by slight differences. 



