OPERATIONS IN CALIFORNIA IN 1873. 391 



parried us as far as Omaha, and the success of the expedition is largely 

 owing to his skill and experience. The remaining three went through 

 ,to California with the shad. 



3, — THE APPARATUS. 



Our outfit was very simple, consisting merely of the eight cans con- 

 taining the fish, one similar can tilled with water for a reserve, two or 

 tbree pails and dippers, a thermometer, and the apparatus for changing 

 the water. This apparatus and its use demand a few words of explana- 

 tion. 



The requirements demanded for keeping young shad alive in trausit 

 are radically different from those involved in carrying any other fish, 1 

 believe, that have yet been experimented with. They require changes 

 of water, of course, like any other fish ; but they always scatter indis- 

 criminately tbrough all portions of the water containing them, instead 

 of dropping to the bottom of their can, and remaining quietly there, as 

 is the custom with very young trout and salmon. In consequence of this, 

 the water cannot be dipped out and thrown away to make room for 

 fresh supplies without dipping out and tbrowingthe fish away with it. 



It becomes necessary, therefore, to separate the fish from the water 

 before renewing it. To accomplish this, the apparatus in question is in- 

 tended. It consists of a cylinder 2 inches in diameter, made of very fine 

 copper-wire netting, and about as long as the can is deep. The bottom 

 is closed with the same netting. The top is open. In connection with 

 this is used a piece of £-inch rubber tubing 6 feet long. To change the 

 water, the wire cylinder is thrust into the can to any desirable depth ; 

 the water immediately enters the cylinder through the wire net- work, 

 which also keeps the fish out. One end of the rubber hose is now dropped 

 into the cylinder, the other end being placed in the pail or can intended 

 for the waste water. The water being started in the hose by applying 

 suction at the lower end in the pail, it acts at once as a siphon, and 

 begins to draw the water out of the cylinder. As the fish cannot get 

 into the cylinder, the water is drawn off without drawing off the fish. 

 When a sufficient quantity has been removed, the cylinder and siphon 

 are taken out, and the spare room in the can replaced by putting in 

 fresh reserves of water very carefully with a dipper. Thus the chang- 

 ing of the water is safely accomplished. This very simple, ingenious, 

 and effective method is the invention of Seth Green. 



4. — THE CARE OF THE FISH. 



The points about carrying living young shad safely are such as to 

 make it very delicate and critical work. They are substantially as fol- 

 lows : 



1. To make constant changes of water. 



2. To keep the temperature of the water within specified limits. 



