2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



A-D. Caius Plinius Secundus, born a.d. 23, died a.d. 79. 



Cent. I. 



Historia naturalis. Libri xxxvii. (Gabriel Brotier, Tomus ii., Parisiis, 1779). 



In book xi. sect. Ixii., Pliny speaks of Crustata among marine animals. No earlier use of the 

 word in this application seems to be known. In book ix. sect. xxi. he says, "Animal est 

 parvum, scorpionis effigie, aranei magnitudine. Hoc se, et thymio, et ei qui gladius vocatur, 

 crebro delphini magnitudinem excedenti, sub pinna adfigit aculeo : tantoque infestat dolore, 

 ut in naves ssepenumero e.xsiliant." This passage is only worth noting in comparison with 

 Eisso's statement that a species of Cijamus sometimes so irritates the thunnies in the 

 Mediterranean that they jump out of water. Liitken supposes that Eisso has assigned to 

 Cyamvs an effect produced really by Brachiella thynni. In book ix. sect. Ixxi., Pliny 

 appears to confuse, in a rather ludicrous passage, the (f>6eipK and xjrvXXoi mentioned in 

 book iv. ch. 10, of Aristotle's History of Animals. In book ix. sect. li. he gives 

 "Cancrorum genera, carabi, astaci, maise, paguri, heracleotici, leones, et alia ignobiliora," 

 among which the ignobiliora may be supposed to correspond to the /juKpbv yevos of Aristotle, 

 and to include some at least of the Amphipoda. 



1553. Bellon (or Belon), Pierre, born about 1517, died 1564 (Encycl. Brit., 9th Ed.). 



Petri Bellonii Cenomani De aquatilibus, Libri duo Cum iconibus ad viuam 

 ipforum effigiem, quoad eju.s fieri potuit, expressis. Parisiis, m.d.liii. 



The second book, pages 318-348, is de aquatilibus exanguibus. Of these "qure Grffcis evaifia, 

 nobis exanguia diountur," he says, "alia dura quidS testa operiuutur, quaj illi oo-TpaKoSepfia, 

 alia ver6 molli : quae etiam fiaXaKoa-rpaKa vocat, atque alia rursus insecta, sub quibus 

 magna marinorum ac fluviatiliuni phalanx continetur. Exanguiu igitur molles a nobis 

 describentur ac depingetur primum locustae, cancri et id genus cseteri. .... Vltimo 

 loco dejectamenta marina, nominibus etiam insignibus prjedita expUcabuntur, quibus non- 

 nunquam etiam vesci solemus." 



Among the Crustata he considers that the Squilla fluviatilis parva, the Gambarella of the 

 Eomans, is intended by Aristotle's " parvffi quae majores nunqua effiei possunt." In this 

 Bellon is evidently not thinking of any Amjihipod. The only allusion that he makes to 

 Amphipods is to be found, if anywhere, in his cap. xii. p. 436, " De deiectamentis marinis," 

 in the section headed "Asilus sive (Estrum." This Isopod he figures with eight thoracic 

 feet on each side, and concludes his account of it as follows : — " Aristoteles octauo de 

 historia animalium : Thunni (inquit) et Gladii agitantur a-stro, canis exortu. habent enim 

 vtrique per id tempus sub pinna ceu vermiculum quern Asilum vocant. Idem author videtur 

 oestrum seu AsUum diuersum k pediculo et pulice constituere, quum eis etiam nomina 

 propria <ji6a.pa OaXda-cnov, id est, pediculum marinum, et \l/v\Xav daXaTnov, id est pulicem 

 marinum, imponat. Vocat et in mari pediculos (inquit Plinius) eosque tritos instUIari ex 

 aceto auribus jubent. Pisces vel manu caperentur, dum dormiunt (inquit Aristoteles) nisi 

 pediculis et pulicibus solicitarentur. Gignuntur in profundo maris tanta foecunditate, vt 

 escam de pisce emollitam, si diu in imo manserit, totam corrodant atque absumant. Et 

 quidem saepenumero piscator escam demissam, glomeratis vndiquo his bestiohs, perinde 

 vt pilam attollit." Aristotle's " ciri t^s yrj?," is here represented by " in imo, " meaning " at 

 the bottom of the sea," which is perhaps an attempt to correct the unmeaning words "in 

 uno" in Gaza's translation, for which Aubert and Wimmer (1868) suggest " in humo." 



