112 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



1820. ScoEKSBY, WiLLiAM, bom Oct. 5, 1879, died March 21, 1857 (Encycl. Brit, 



9tli Edition). 



An account of the Arctic regions, with a history and description of the northern 

 Whale-fishery. In two volumes. Edinburgh, 1820. 



At page 541 he gives in the Class Articulata, " Gammarus arctictis (Leach). — The characters of 

 this animal (PL XVL Fig. 14), I have been favoured with from Dr. Leach. They are as 

 follows : — " G. oculis sublunatis ; pedum pari tertio, secundo majori." The actions of this 

 species suggest as a familiar name, the mountebank shrimp. It frequently turns over when 

 in the water, with singular celerity, and swims with equal ease in every position. The 

 foixr feet raised in the figure above the back are made use of in that position, whenever its 

 back comes in contact with any solid substance. This species occurs in all parts of the 

 Spitzbergen Sea, and at the greatest distance from land ; it inhabits the superficial water, 

 and affords food for whales and birds. 



"Gammahus ? — Another small species of this family, was found in large quantities in the 



stomach and mouth of some mysticete. It is remarkable for the largeness of its eyes." 



He also mentions "Cancer Pulex (Linni5)," "Cancer Ampulla (Phipps)," from the stomach of 

 a shark, "Cancer Niujax (Phipps)," and "Oniscus Ceti. (Lin.), Laeunda Ceti (Leach), 

 Whale's louse. — This little animal, about half an inch in diameter, firmly fixes itself by its 

 hooked claws, on the skin of the mysticetus. It is found principally under the fin, or in 

 other situations where the skin is tender, and where it is not liable to be dislodged. A 

 similar animal, but smaller, is sometimes found on the body of the narwal." 



Boeck judges that Gammarus arcficus is identical with Gammarus lonmta. The tolerably 

 useless figure shows some seventeen or eighteen segments besides the head. The large-eyed 

 Gammarus is probably one of the Hyperina. 



1821. d'Orbigny, Charles, born 1806. 



Notice sur le Corophium longicorne, Latr. Crustace observe dans les Bouchotz 

 a monies, des communes d'Esmeudes et Charon pres la Rochelle. Journal de 

 Physique et Chimie, d'histoire naturelle et des Arts. 1821. Tom. 93, pp. 194-200. 



He gives an accurate description of Corophium longicorne, which is Cancer grossipes, Linn^ ; 

 he enters into details as to its mouth-organs, omitting to notice the under-lip. In regard 

 to its mode of life he states that about winter-time it leaves the strand and goes out into 

 the deep water, returning in the spring and occupying during the summer its holes in 

 muddy shores. The structure of its body is evidently adapted for this mode of life (Boeck). 



In the British sessile-eyed Crustacea, voL i. p. 495, it is not considered certain whether the small 

 tubular galleries in which this Corophium spends the summer "are perforated by these 

 Crustacea or by the numerous Annelids that it preys upon." No one, however, who has 

 examined these creatures in their own home could have the smallest doubt that the galleries 

 are perforated by the Crustacea themselves. A stretch of mud may sometimes be seen 

 speckled all over with asterisks, formed by these creatures turning round in their tubes with 

 their antennae projecting on the surface and marking the mud much as a cook marks pastry 

 with the prongs of a fork. That they prey on Annelida is a very doubtful opinion. An 

 Annelid and a Corophium, which I kept for some time alive together in a bottle, made no 

 attempts to Lnjure one another. 



