STANTON: UPPER CRETACEOUS STRATIGRAPHY 55 



water at 194°F. would be necessary to raise the temperature 

 from 30.2°F. to 32°F., if the humidity was 80 per cent; 31.8 gal- 

 lons more would be required to raise the temperature to 33.8°F. ; 

 32.2 gallons additional for 35.6°F.; and 32.6 gallons additional 

 for 37.4°F. Probably much larger quantities would be necessary 

 in actual practice, due to loss of heat by convection currents, 

 by imperfect distribution of the water and by the radiation con- 

 tinually taking place into the air outside of the heated zone. 



In still air this proposed vapor system has the advantage of 

 the protective quality of the fog thus artificially produced, due 

 both to lessening the radiation from the earth and to the heat 

 given off if the water particles actually began to freeze. 



GEOLOGY. — Some variations in Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy .^ 

 Timothy W. Stanton. 



That the stratigraphic development of the Cretaceous has 

 been different in distinct basins of sedimentation is well under- 

 stood. No one would think of applying the same set of form- 

 ation names to the Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Rocky Moun- 

 tain region and to those of the Atlantic coastal plain or to those 

 of the Pacific border. The physical conditions of sedimentation 

 were very different and they have resulted in different lithologic 

 successions and in more or less distinct faunal facies. The fact 

 that there is great local variation, often within short distances, 

 in a single area like that of the Rocky Mountains. and adjoining 

 Great Plains has been slower of recognition. It is true that the 

 extension of more detailed work, especially when accompanied 

 by area! mapping, has brought such local variations into prom- 

 inence in many places but their importance has apparently often 

 been overlooked by geologists, whose natural tendency is to 

 apply the old established stratigraphic standards when they 

 enter neighboring new fields, even when they realize that the 

 standards must be warped and th^ new facts distorted in order 

 to make the adjustment. 



It may be of interest to cite a few cases of local variation, taking 



^ Published by permission of the Director of the United States Geological Sur- 

 vey. Presidential address delivered before the Geological Society of Washing- 

 ton, December 11, 1912. 



