21 DOGS. Chap. I. 



careful observer, Rengger, 17 gives reasons for believing that a 

 hairless dog was domesticated when America was first visited 

 by Europeans : some of these dogs in Paraguay are still dumb, 

 and Tschudi 18 states that they suffer from cold in the Cor- 

 dillera. This naked dog is, however, quite distinct from that 

 found preserved in the ancient Peruvian burial-places, and de- 

 scribed by Tschudi, under the name of Canis ingce, as with- 

 standing cold well and as barking. It is not known whether 

 these two distinct kinds of dog are the descendants of native 

 species, and it might be argued that when man first migrated 

 into America he brought with him from the Asiatic continent 

 dogs which had not learned to bark ; but this view does not 

 seem probable, as the natives along the line of their march from 

 the north reclaimed, as we have seen, at least two N. American 

 species of Canidaj. 



Turning to the Old World, some European dogs closely 

 resemble the wolf; thus the shepherd dog of the plains of 

 Hungary is white or reddish-brown, has a sharp nose, short, 

 erect ears, shaggy coat, and bushy tail, and so much resembles 

 a wolf that Mr. Paget, who gives this description, says he has 

 known a Hungarian mistake a wolf for one of his own dogs. 

 Jeitteles, also, remarks on the close similarity of the Hungarian 

 dog and wolf. Shepherd dogs in Italy must anciently have 

 closely resembled wolves, for Columella (vii. 12) advises that 

 white dogs be kept, adding, " pastor album probat, ne pro lupo 

 canem feriat." Several accounts have been given of dogs and 

 wolves crossing naturally ; and Pliny asserts that the Gauls 

 tied their female dogs in the woods that they might cross 

 with wolves. 19 The European wolf differs slightly from that 

 of North America, and has been ranked by many naturalists 

 as a distinct species. The common wolf of India is also by 

 some esteemed as a third species, and here again we find a 



17 ' Naturgeschichte der Sauge- (Eng. transl.), 8th book, ch. xl., about 

 thiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 151. the Gauls crossing their dogs. See also 



18 Quoted in Humboldt's 'Aspects Aristotle, 'Hist. -Animal.' lib. viii. c. 

 of Nature ' (Eng. trans.), vol. i. p. 28. For good evidence about wolves 

 108. and dogs naturally crossing near the 



19 Paget's 'Travels in Hungaiy and Pyrenees, see M. Mauduyt, ' Du Loup 

 Transylvania,' vol. i. p. 501. Jeitteles, et de ses Races,' Poitiers, 1851; also 

 ' Fauna Hungarian Sup<?rioris,' 1862, s. Pallas, in 'Acta Acad. St. Petersburgh,' 

 13. See Pliny, 'Hist, of the World ' 1780, part ii. p. 94. 



