Chap. X. TREES. 385 



variable than trees growing in their native forests, there can hardly 

 be a doubt that they have yielded a greater number of strongly- 

 marked and singular variations of structure. 



In manner of growth, we have weeping or pendulous varieties 

 of the willow, ash, elm, oak, and yew, and other trees ; and this 

 weeping habit is sometimes inherited, though in a singularly 

 capricious manner. In the Lombardy poplar, and in certain 

 fastigiate or pyramidal varieties of thorns, junipers, oaks, &c, we 

 have an opposite kind of growth. The Hessian oak, 147 which is 

 famous from its fastigiate habit and size, bears hardly any resem- 

 blance in general appearance to a common oak ; " its acorns are 

 not sure to produce plants of the same habit ; some, however, turn 

 out the same as the parent-tree." Another fastigiate oak is said 

 to have been found wild in the Pyrenees, and this is a surprising 

 circumstance; it generally comes so true by seed, that De Candolle 

 considered it as specifically distinct. 148 The fastigiate Juniper 

 (V. suecica) likewise transmits its character by seed. 149 Dr. Falconer 

 informs me that in the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta the great heat 

 caused apple-trees to become fastigiate ; and we thus see the same 

 result following from the effects of climate and from some unknown 

 cause. 150 



In foliage we have variegated leaves which are often inherited ; 

 dark purple or red leaves, as in the hazel, barberry, and beech, 

 the colour in these two latter trees being sometimes strongly and 

 sometimes weakly inherited ; 151 deeply-cut leaves ; and leaves 

 covered with prickles, as in the variety of the holly well called 

 ferox, which is said to reproduce itself by seed. 152 In fact, nearly 

 all the peculiar varieties evince a tendency, more or less strongly 

 marked, to reproduce themselves by seed. 153 This is to a certain 

 extent the case, according to Bosc, 154 with three varieties of the 

 elm, namely, the broad-leafed, lime-leafed, and twisted elm, in which 

 latter the fibres of the wood are twisted. Even with the hetero- 

 phyllous hornbeam (Carpinus hetulus), which bears on each twig 

 leaves of two shapes, " several plants raised from seed all retained 

 " the same peculiarity." 155 I will add only one other remarkable 

 case of variation in foliage, namely, the occurrence of two sub- 

 varieties of the ash with simple instead of pinnated leaves, and 



147 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1842, p. graph. Bot.,' p. 1083. Verlot, 'Sur 

 36. la Production des Varie'te's,' 1865 ; p. 



148 Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruti- 55 for the Barberrv. 



cetum,' vol. iii. p. 1731. 152 Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruti- 



149 Ibid.,' vol. iv. p. 2489. cetum,' vol. ii. p. 508. 



150 Godron (' De l'Espeee,' torn. ii. 153 Veriot, ' Des Varietes,' 1865, 

 p. 91) describes four varieties of Ro- p. 92. 



binia remarkable from their manner 154 Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruti- 



of growth, cetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376. 



151 ' Journal of a Horticultural 155 ' Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, 

 Tour, by Caledonian Hort. Soc.,' 1823, p. 687. 



l>. 107. Alph. De Candolle, 'Geo- 



