Chap. XVL THE YOUXG LIKE THE AUULT MALES. 203 



it is more developed and complex in the male than in 

 the female ; but in the Bhynehsea Australis it is simple 

 in the male, whilst in the female it makes four distinct 

 conyolntions before entering the lungs.^^ The female 

 therefore of this species has acquired an eminently 

 masculine character. Mr. Blyth ascertained, by exa- 

 mining many specimens, that the trachea is not con- 

 voluted in either sex of Fi. Beiigalensis, which species 

 so closely resembles B,. Australis that it can hardly be 

 distil iguislied except by its shorter toes. This fact is 

 another striking instance of the law that secondary 

 sexual characters are often widely different in closely- 

 allied forms ; though it is a very rare circumstance 

 when such differences relate to the female sex. The 

 young of both sexes of B. Beiigalensis in their first 

 plumage are said to resemble the mature male.^^ 

 There is also reason to believe that the male undertakes 

 the duty of incubation, for Mr. Swinhoe^^ found the 

 females before the close of the summer associated in 

 flocks, as occurs with the females of the Turnix. 



The females of PhaIaroj)us falicarius and P. liyjperbo- 

 reus are larger, and in tlieir summer plumage "more gaily 

 " attired than the males." But the difference in colour 

 between the sexes is far from conspicuous. The male 

 alone of P. fulicarius undertakes, according to Professor 

 Steenstrup, the duty of incubation, as is likewise shewn 

 by the state of his breast-feathers during the breeding- 

 season. The female of the dotterel plover (Eudromias 

 morinellus) is larger than the male, and has the red 

 and black tints on the lower surface, the white crescent 

 on the breast, and the stri|)es over the eyes, more 

 strongly pronounced. The male also takes at least a 



'' Gould's ' Handbook of the Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. p. 275. 

 »« ' The Indian Field,' Sept. 1858, p. 3. ^^ ' Ibis,' 1866, p. 298. 



