116 GOOD FROM CROSSING. Chap. XVII. 



and penetrating the stigma, so that the two pollen-masses, after an 

 interval of eleven days, could not be distinguished except by the 

 difference of their candicles, which, of course, undergo no change. 

 Fritz Mliller has, moreover, made a large number of crosses between 

 orchids belonging to distinct sjDecies and genera, and he finds that 

 in all cases when the flowers are not fertilised their footstalks first 

 begin to wither ; and the withering slowly spreads upwards until 

 the germens fall off, after an interval of one or two weeks, and in 

 one instance of between six and seven weeks ; but even in this latter 

 case, and in most other cases, the pollen and stigma remained in 

 appearance fresh. Occasionally, however, the pollen becomes 

 brownish, generally on the external surface, and not in contact with 

 the stigma, as is invariably the case when the plant's own j)ollen is 

 aj^plied. 



Fritz Miiller observed the poisonous action of the plant's own 

 pollen in the above-mentioned Oncidium fiexuosum, 0. u7ncorne, 

 'piihcH (J), and in two other unnamed species. Also in two species of 

 Kodriguezia, in two of Notylia, in one of Burlingtonia, and of a 

 fourth genus in the same group. In all these cases, except the last, 

 it was i^roved that the flowers were, as might have been expected, 

 lertile with jDollen from a distinct plant of the same species. 

 Numerous flowers of one species of Notylia were fertilised with 

 pollen from the same raceme ; in two days' time they all withered, 

 the germens began to shrink, the pollen-masses became dark brown, 

 and not one pollen-gi'ain emitted a tube. So that in this orchid the 

 injurious action of the plant's own pollen is more rapid than with 

 Oncidium flexuosum. Eight other flowers on the same raceme were 

 fertilised with pollen from a distinct plant of the same species : two 

 of these were dissected, and their stigmas were found to be pene- 

 trated by numberless pollen-tubes ; and the germens of the other 

 six flow^ers became well developed. On a subsequent occasion many 

 other flowers were fertilised with their own pollen, and all fell olf 

 dead in a few days ; w^hilst some flowers on the same raceme which 

 had been left simply unfertilised adhered and long remained fresh. 

 We have seen that in cross-unions between extremely distinct 

 orchids the pollen long remains undecayed ; but Notylia behaved 

 in this respect differently ; for when its pollen was placed on the 

 stigma of Oncidium Jiexuosum, both tlie stigma and pollen quickly 

 became dark brown, in the same manner as if the plant's own pollen 

 had been applied. 



Fritz Miiller suggests that, as in all these cases the plant's own 

 pollen is not only impotent (thus eftectually preventing self-fertilisa- 

 tion), but likewise prevents, as was ascertained in the case of the 

 Notylia and Oncidium flexzwsum, the action of subsequently applied 

 pollen from a distinct individual, it would be an advantage to the 

 plant to have its own pollen rendered more and more deleterious ; 

 for the germens would thus quickly be killed, and dropping off, 

 there would be no further waste in nourishing a part which 

 ultimately could be of no avail 



