Chap. XYIII. CHANGED CONDITIONS. 137 



and Sweden, there can be little doubt that, if possible, they would 

 have been propagated. In the Jardin des Plantes, no iDJrd of prey 

 has been known to couple.^^ No hawk, vulture, or owl has ever 

 produced fertile eggs in the Zoological Gardens, or in the old Surrey 

 Gardens, witli the exception, in the former j^lace on one occasion, 

 of a condor and a kite {Milvus iiiyer). Yet several species, namely, 

 the Aquila funca, Balicttus Jeucocephalus, Falco tinnuncu/tcs, F. sub- 

 biiteo, and L'ufeo vulgaris, have been seen to couple in the Zoological 

 Gardens. Mr. Morris ^^ mentions as a unique fact that a kestrel 

 {Falco tinnunculus) bred in an aviary. The one kind of owl which 

 has been known to couple in the Zoological Gardens was the Eagle 

 Owl (Bicho mnximm) ; and this species shows a special inclination 

 to breed in captivity; for a pair at Arundel Castle, kept more 

 nearly in a state of nature " than ever fell to the lot of an animal 

 deprived of its liberty," ^^ actually reared their young. Mr. Gurney 

 has given another instance of this same owl breeding in confinement ; 

 and he records the case of a second species of owl, the Strixjiasserina, 

 breeding in captivity.^"^ 



Of the smaller graminivorous birds, many kinds have been kept 

 tame in their native countries, and have lived long ; yet, as the 

 highest authority on cage-birds-'^'' rem.arks, their propagation is 

 " uncommonly difficult." The canary-bird shows that there is no 

 inherent difficulty in these birds breeding freely in confinement ; 

 and Audubon says^** that the Fringilla (JSjpiza) ciris of North 

 America breeds as perfectly as the canary. The difficulty with 

 the many finches which have been kept in confinement is all the 

 more remarkable as more than a dozen species could be named 

 which have yielded hybrids with the canary; but hardly any 

 of these, with the ex'^eption of the siskin ( Fringilla spimis), have 

 reproduced their own kind. Even the bullfinch {Loxia pyrrJmla) 

 has bred as frequently with the canary, though belonging to 

 a distinct genus, as with its own species.^^ With respect to the 

 skylark (Alauda arverisis), I have heard of birds living for seven 

 years in an aviary, which never produced young; and a great 

 London bird-fancier assured me that he had never known an 

 instance of their breeding ; nevertheless one case has been recorded.^*^ 

 In the nine-year Eeport from the Zoological Society, twenty-four 



^^ F. Cuvier, ' Annal. du Museum,' ^® ' Ornithological Biography,' vol. 



torn. ix. p. 128. V. p. 517. 



2* ' The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., ^^ A case is rocor-led in ' The Zoo- 



1849-50, p. 2648. legist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For 



^^ Knox, ' Ornithological Ramhies the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845- 



in Sussex,' p. 91. 4(5, p. 1075. Bechstein, ' Stuben- 



^^ 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., v5gel,' s. 139, speaivs of bullfinches 



1849-50, p. 2566 ; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, making nests, but rarely producing 



p. 3207. youuo;. 



" Bechstein, 'Naturgesch.derStu- ^^ Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 



benvogel,' 1840, s. 20. 1839, vol. i. j-. 412. 



