52 THE DESCENT OF MAN. [Past L 



animals. But man, as a highly competent judge, Arch- 

 bishop Whately remarks, " is not the only animal that can 

 make use of language to express what is passing in his 

 mind, and can understand, more or less, what is so ex- 

 pressed by another." 29 In Paraguay the Cebus azarce 

 when excited utters at least six distinct sounds, which ex- 

 cite in other monkeys similar emotions. 30 The movements 

 of the features and gestures of monkeys are understood 

 by us, and they partly understand ours, as Rengger and 

 others declare. It is a more remarkable fact that the dog, 

 since being domesticated, has learned to bark 81 in at least 

 four or five distinct tones. Although barking is a new 

 art, no doubt the wild species, the parents of the dog, ex- 

 pressed their feelings by cries of various kinds. With 

 the domesticated dog we have the bark of eagerness, as 

 in the chase ; that of anger ; the yelping or howling bark 

 of despair, as when shut up ; that of joy, as when starting 

 on a walk with his master ; and the very distinct one of 

 demand or supplication, as when wishing for a door or 

 window to be opened. 



Articulate language is, however, peculiar to man ; but 

 he uses in common with the lower animals inarticulate 

 cries to express his meaning, aided by gestures and the 

 movements of the muscles of the face. 32 This especially 

 holds good with the more simple and vivid feelings, 

 which are but little connected with our higher intelli- 

 gence. Our cries of pain, fear, surprise, anger, together 

 with their appropriate actions, and the murmur of a 



29 Quoted in 'Anthropological Review,' 1864, p. 158. 



30 Rengger, ibid. s. 45. 



31 See my ' Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,* 



rol. i. p. 27. 



32 See a discussion on this subject in Mr. E. B. Tylor's very interest- 

 ing wodt, 'Researches into the Early History of Mankind,' 1665, chaps 

 ii. to iv. 



