Chap. IV.] MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT. 105 



corpses how often each course prevails. 3 The muscles are 

 eminently variable ; thus those of the foot were found by- 

 Prof. Turner 4 not to be strictly alike in any two out of 

 fifty bodies ; and in some the deviations were considerable. 

 Prof. Turner adds that the power of performing the ap- 

 propriate movements must have been modified in accord- 

 ance with the several deviations. Mr. J. Wood has re- 

 corded 8 the occurrence of 295 muscular variations in 

 thirty-six subjects, and in another set of the same number 

 no less than 558 variations, reckoning both sides of the 

 body as one. In the last set, not one body out of the ' 

 thirty-six was " found totally wanting in departures from 

 the standard descriptions of the muscular system given 

 in anatomical text-books." A single body presented the 

 extraordinary number of twenty-five distinct abnormali- 

 ties. The same muscle sometimes varies in many ways : 

 thus Prof. Macalister describes 6 no less than twenty dis- 

 tinct variations, in the palmaris accessorius. 



The famous old anatomist, "Wolff, 7 insists that the in- 

 ternal viscera are more variable than the external parts : 

 Nulla particula est quce non aliter et aliter in aliis se 

 habeat hominibus. He has even written a treatise on the 

 choice of typical examples of the viscera for representation. 

 A discussion on the beau-ideal of the liver, lungs, kidneys, 

 etc., as of the human face divine, sounds strange in our 

 ears. 



The variability or diversity of the mental faculties in 

 men ol the same race, not to mention the greater differ- 

 ences between the men of distinct races, is so notorious 



8 ' Anatomy of the Arteries,' by R. Quain. 

 4 'Transact. Royal Soc.' Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. pp. 175, 189. 

 6 ' Proc. Royal Soc.' 1867, p. 544 ; also 1868, pp. 483, 524. There is 

 * previous paper, 1866, p. 229. 



6 'Proc. R. Irish Academy,' vol. x. 1868, p. 141. 



7 ' Act. Acad.,' St. Petersburg, 1778, part ii. p. 217 



