Chap. XI.] BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 381 



orange tips to their wings. In these cases the males and 

 females are equally conspicuous, and it is not credible 

 that their difference in color stands in any relation to or- 

 dinary protection. Nevertheless, it is possible that the 

 conspicuous colors of many species may be in an indirect 

 manner beneficial, as will hereafter be explained, by lead- 

 ing their enemies at once to recognize them as unpala- 

 table. Even in this case it does not certainly follow that 

 their bright colors and beautiful patterns were acquired 

 for this special purpose. In some other remarkable cases, 

 beauty has been gained for the sake of protection, through 

 the imitation of other beautiful species, which inhabit the 

 same district and enjoy an immunity from attack by be- 

 ing in some way offensive to their enemies. 



The female of our orange-tip butterfly, above referred 

 to, and of an American species (Anth. genutia) probably 

 show us, as Mr. Walsh has remarked to me, the primordial 

 colors of the parent-species of the genus ; for both sexes 

 of four or five widely-distributed species are colored in 

 nearly the same manner. We may infer here, as in several 

 previous cases, that it is the males of Anth. cardamines 

 ard genutia which have departed from the usual type of 

 coloring of their genus. In the Anth. sara from California, 

 the orange-tips have become partially developed in the fe- 

 male ; for her wings are tipped with reddish orange, but 

 paler than in the male, and slightly different in some other 

 respects. In an allied Indian form, the Iphlas glaucippe, 

 the orange-tips are fully developed in both sexes. In this 

 Iphias the under surface of the wings marvellously resem- 

 bles, as pointed out to me by Mr. A. Butler, a pale-col* 

 ored leaf; and, in our English orange-tip, the under surface 

 resembles the flower-head of the wild-parsley, on which it 

 may be seen going to rest at night. 8 The same reasoning 



8 See the interesting observations by Mr. T. "W". "Wood, ' The Stu- 

 dent,' Sept. 1868, p. 81. 



