18 PROCEEDINGS PROGRAMS 



climax and one an intermediate or transitory type. The climax types 

 are yellow pine-Douglas fir and cedar-hemlock. The transitory type is 

 white pine-larch. The yellow pine-Douglas fir is both a pioneer and 

 climax type. When burned or cut over it invariably succeeds itself. 

 The cedar-hemlock type is a climax type preceded by the larch-white 

 pine. The order of succession from the pioneer to the climax forest is 

 as follows: 



First the larch (Larix occidental-is) comes in as the pioneer, shading 

 the ground and offering the protection necessary in order that the white 

 pine (Pinus monticola) might establish itself. The white pine, soon after 

 becoming established, begins to crowd the larch, overtopping and exter- 

 minating gradually all but the most vigorous specimens. Under the 

 shading of the white pine and larch cedar {Thuja plicata), hemlock 

 (Tsuga heterophylla) , and white fir (Abies concolor), begin to come up, 

 crowd out the white pine and finally become the sole occupants of the 

 ground. 



This ecological study had a practical bearing upon the management 

 of the forest as it pointed out the possibility of leaving larch and selling 

 the white pine, which alone at present commands any price, without 

 danger of eliminating it from the future stands. This study furnishes a 

 concrete example of the value of ecological studies as a basis for forest 

 management. 



Phytochemical Studies on Cyanogen. Dr. C. L. Alsberg and 0. F. 

 Black (by invitation). 



W. W. Stockberger. Corresponding Secretary. 



PROGRAMS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS 



PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 



702nd Meeting, January 6, 1912. Cosmos Club at 8.15. R. A. 

 Harris: KrummeVs Handbuch der Ozeanographie, Vol. II. J. M. 

 Miller: The Determination of the Pole Distance of a very Small Magnet. 



