swingle: botanical type specimens 345 



mounts should be kept in some easily accessible place, preferably 

 in the herbarium itself, and a reference to them should be made on 

 the sheet to which the type specimen is attached. 



Frequently the same type specimen is studied by many botanists, 

 each of whom removes a fresh portion to soak up in boiling water. 

 If the first fragment removed for study were mounted in perma- 

 nent form and properly indexed, it would often suffice for the 

 observations of subsequent students and thus further unneces- 

 sary mutilation of the type specimen would be avoided. 



Besides making mero types and clastotypes there are other ways 

 in which one may add to authentic type specimens. 



Cuttings or buds taken from the plant that furnished the type 

 specimen can be indefinitely multiplied by vegetative methods. 

 Specimens cut from such plants may be called clonotypes. 3 They 

 are usually very similar to mero types but of course are subject 

 to greater variation, since plants propagated by clones are often 

 exposed to widely differing conditions of climate and soil, to say 

 nothing of the profound effects produced by the different stocks 

 upon which they may be grafted. Then, too, there are occasional 

 bud variations or mutations in such vegatatively propagated 

 plants. 



Many plants that cannot be grafted or propagated from cuttings 

 can nevertheless be made to yield clonotypes; for example, her- 

 baceous perennials that propagate vegetatively by rhizomes, 

 offshoots, or tubercules, as well as monocotyledons that reproduce 

 by means of bulbs or bulbils. 



Still another method of multiplying typical material is the sow- 

 ing of seeds collected from the individual plant that furnished the 

 type specimen. Specimens cut from the seedlings may be called 

 spermotypes. 4 Of course the plants grown from seeds of the indi- 

 vidual that yielded the type specimen are still more liable to vary 

 than are vegetatively propagated cuttings or buds. Not only 



3 Clonotype (k\wp, a young shoot, a twig; tvttos, type). A specimen taken from 

 a vegetatively propagated part of the individual plant from which the type speci- 

 men was obtained. 



4 Spermotype (<nrkpfia, aros seed; tvttos type). A specimen taken from a repre- 

 sentative plant grown from seed of the type plant. 



