422 abstracts: topography 



maximum uplift amounting to over 47 feet. The changes in the glaciers 

 include a rapid retreat of Muir Glacier, 150 miles to the southeast, and 

 a general advance of several glaciers near Yakutat Bay. Muir Glacier, 

 which hundreds of travelers had visited annually up to 1899, became 

 inaccessible to tourist vessels in that year and remained so till 1907. By 

 1903 it had retreated from 2\ to 3 miles, and by 1907 from 1\ to 8 miles, 

 perhaps in part as an indirect result of this earthquake, and had lost 

 much of its scenic interest. The advance of the glaciers near Yakutat 

 Bay included the eastern or Marvine lobe of the great Malaspina Gla- 

 cier and rendered that highway of glacier travel inaccessible thru intri- 

 cate crevassing. 



The shocks lasted twenty-seven days- — September 3 to 29, 1899 — 

 and included four or five world-shaking disturbances and hundreds of 

 minor shocks. During four weeks there was almost constant palpita- 

 tion of this part of the earth's crust. The shocks were most severe on 

 September 3, 10, and 23, and were great on the 15th, 17th, 26th, and 29th. 

 On the 10th there were over fifty small shocks and two world-shaking 

 disturbances. The greatest faulting took place on September 10. 



The phenomena accompanying the shocks were observed at distances 

 of 5 to 730 miles, and perhaps raised water waves on Lake Chelan, 

 in Washington, over 1200 miles away. The minimum land area shaken 

 was 216,300 square miles, the water area being as much more, while 

 distant observations suggest that the shocks may have been sensible 

 over 1,539,000 square miles. These earthquakes seem to have origi- 

 nated in or near Yakutat Bay, which lies close to the bend of the St. 

 Elias Range, near latitude 140 degrees west and longitude 60 degrees 

 north. 



The physical changes brought about by the earthquakes are correlated 

 with the growth of the St. Elias Range and evidence of older faulting, 

 changes of level, and glacial oscillations are recognized. A. H. Brooks. 



TOPOGRAPHY. — Topology, topography and topometry. Francois E. 



Matthes. Bulletin American Geographical Society, vol. xliv, 



May, 1912. 

 Topology, topography and topometry are three terms now current 

 among French topographers, and used to denote three distinct though 

 allied concepts. In this country no attempts have as. yet been made to 

 clearly differentiate these concepts, and the single term "topography" 

 is still employed, more or less loosely and inaptly to designate different 

 classes of work. 



