44 NATURAL SCIENCE [July 1897 



sionally lost article. That bone was largely used we shall presently 

 see, and doubtless great care would be taken with these finely-carved 

 articles, and they may be found when the innermost recesses of the 

 fissures have been penetrated. That a large portion of flint flakes 

 were intended for arrow and fish-spear tips is certain from the fact 

 that many are secondarily worked into bilateral symmetry. Dis- 

 regarding mere chips the long-pointed flakes monopolise 75 per 

 cent, of the flints found ; they vary in size from 4 in. by f in. down 

 to \ in. and by \ in. They were doubtless used for lance and arrow 

 heads, fish-spears and fish-hooks ; no sign of a barb of any kind 

 was seen. A point of special interest in regard to these tips was 

 that very many of them had well-worked butts, sometimes showing the 

 removal of ten or a dozen small flakes in the formation of the well- 

 rounded, nicely-bevelled, square or circular-ended base. There was 

 one feature about these which puzzled me for a long time, and that 

 was that the present periphery of the flake-face of the flint usually 

 truncated these secondary flakings. It, therefore, became evident 

 that the secondary base was worked round a single or double ridge 

 while the lance-tip was yet upon the core, from which it was dis- 

 lodged by the last skilful blow. In experimenting I found this 

 practicable ; and ultimately I found a block of flint worked into 

 ridges in the process of manufacturing these tools in the way 

 suggested, with one base worked ready for the next blow to produce 

 a perfect implement. This specimen is shown in Plate VI. , at 

 the bottom right corner, and the arrow marks the point at which 

 the last blow would have been struck, that would have dislodged 

 the finished tip, such as is seen just at the left of it. That 

 the tips were used and broken in the chase or in fishing is certain 

 from the immense numbers of broken butt-ends that were found in 

 the Midden ; as it is only reasonable to suppose that, if these 

 were broken in fishing or in hunting, the broken butts would have 

 been taken off the line or shaft when the user returned to chez 

 lui and thrown upon the refuse heap, and replaced by new ones. 

 Large quantities were used as knives, and were hard worn. 



The next most plentiful tool was the needle maker, or small 

 hollow-scraper ; these varied in size, say, from an inch or more, 

 down to a tool that would turn out a bone duplicate of a good- 

 sized thread needle. 



There was an immense number of cooking stones indicative of 

 the method of applying heat. Charcoal was fairly plentiful ; and 

 many of the bones of horse, pig, sheep, &c., were burned in the 

 process of roasting upon the old hearths ; the latter still remained 

 in places. That the pots were put upon the fire, however, is certain 

 from the fact that many had a deposit of soot upon them. 



W. J. Lewis Abbott. 

 (To be continued next month, with the illustrations.) 



