96 NATURAL SCIENCE [August 



circular hollows, such as could have been made by the flat round- 

 pointed bone tool, about 1 1 cm. long, found in the Middens ; and 

 the other was a crescent and line marking, such as could have been 

 made by a plano-convex tool with a straight edge. Usually the 

 upper edges of the rims were rounded ; in the flat vessels they 

 were not always reflected outwards ; and now and then an attempt 

 was made to thicken the top edge into a bead, although the thumb 

 only allowed of very poor success. 



THE ANIMAL REMAINS 



We next come to the animal remains found in the Middens, 

 which, for many reasons, are extremely interesting. In practically 

 all cases the marrow bones were split for the contained grease ; they 

 indicate an unaccountable number of young animals. Many of the 

 bones are also minus their spongy ends or have lost their epiphyses, 

 and some show the marks of teeth. The following are some extracts 

 from my notes upon the species represented : — 



Bos longifrons (Celtic shorthorn). — Large limb bones were very 

 rare, and those discovered were all split for the marrow. Most of 

 the bones are young without epiphyses, and indicate small animals ; 

 two or three bones and fragments, however, are large and robust 

 enough for B. primigenius. The toe bones are all small. The horns 

 are small, short, and slightly curved, the longest measuring eight 

 inches along the outside and seven inches girth ; most of the horns 

 must have measured about five inches along the outside curve. In 

 eight cases the ends have been gnawed away. Vertebrae and all 

 irregular bones were very numerous. Jaws were always broken 

 into fragments, none carrying more than four teeth. Loose teeth 

 were fairly numerous, some of which were very much worn. 



Sits scrofa (pig). — Parts of all bones were present, and all 

 marrow bones split. Nearly half have lost their articulating 

 surfaces, and only part of them show teeth marks. One bone 

 shows the marks of more spatulate teeth, which may have been 

 human. All the bones are young, few with epiphyses anchylosed. 

 Two or three of the latter were found not to be gnawed. One 

 radius is exceptionally stout ; otherwise the bones in general are 

 quite small, many being not more than one-third grown. Pieces 

 of head are numerous ; some of the jaws appear rather heavy, 

 and the longest canine measures five inches in length. Pigs' bones 

 were often burnt. 



Equus caballus (horse). — There were about twenty bones of 

 horses, chiefly leg and toe bones, one piece of jaw and three odd 

 teeth, all pointing to small or very small animals : they appear 



