98 NATURAL SCIENCE [August 



The Batrachia are represented by the frog or toad. 



M oil u sea. — These offer several points of interest. The first to 

 claim attention is a number of very large Helix aspersa, which are 

 represented both by whole and broken shells. These were found 

 under about three feet of midden material, and I have no doubt they 

 were eaten by man. Zittorina littorea, in point of numbers, stands 

 first, and the shells are also of very large size. The limpet {Patella 

 vulgatd) occurs next in quantity, and is represented by two or three 

 varieties. Cardium echinatum is fairly represented, but C. cdule 

 was not met with. The whelk (Buccinum undatum) is plentiful, 

 but Trophon was always absent. Purpura lapillus is represented by 

 a score or more shells, but whether eaten or employed for their 

 purple juice it would be difficult to say. One piece of bone recovered 

 was of a purple colour, suggestive of having been dyed, although it 

 is highly improbable that the stain would have lasted so long. 

 Most of the oysters (Ostrea edulis) are of medium size, suggestive of 

 shallow water ; but here and there some were very large, and may 

 have spent the greater part of their time in deep waters. The 

 mussel {Mytilus edulis) often occurred in large masses, although the 

 shells were always badly preserved. Natica, Pholas and Mactra are 

 represented by a single specimen each. 



CONCLUSION 



With this amount of material we are able to restore a fairly 

 satisfactory picture of the men who left the Eefuse Heaps at the 

 mouth of the Hastings caves. It is certain that they lived largely 

 upon fish, both those which could be obtained between tide marks 

 and those which would require the use of boats of some sort and the 

 employment of the hook and line ; although the spear in the hands 

 of dexterous people, perched upon the rock masses which strew this 

 coast, might have been the favourite instrument. We have no evi- 

 dence that they knew anything about the use of metal ; but they 

 were exceptionally skilful fabricators of flints, which they worked 

 in a manner essentially their own, of such diminutive sizes as to 

 suggest that the delicate little instruments were largely employed 

 for fish hooks. The absence of battle axes and all other heavy 

 tools would point to their not being much employed in wars or agri- 

 cultural pursuits. No cereals of any kind were found, and no 

 querns or large mealers ; although leaves and twigs were often pre- 

 served. They knew the use of fire, which they lit upon hearths, and 

 kept them going until they had baked the underlying ground for 

 seven or eight inches. They also employed cooking stones, or " pot 

 boilers " as they are sometimes called. Their pottery, although 

 coarse, was fairly well modelled considering there is no sign of the 



