INSECTA 335 



ORDER II. ORTHOPTERA 



This Order is represented in the Coal Measures. 

 Examples of the Forficuliclse (earwigs) have been found 

 in the Oligocene amber and in the Miocene, but they are 

 not common. Blattidse (cockroaches) are found in the Per- 

 mian and are fairly common in the Jurassic ; the Tertiary 

 forms occur mainly in the Oligocene amber. The Man- 

 tidae (' soothsayers ') are found in the Oligocene ; the 

 Phasmidse (leaf and stick insects) in the Upper Jurassic 

 and Tertiary deposits. The Locustidae (locusts) are repre- 

 sented in the Lias, in the Upper Jurassic of Solenhofen, 

 and in the Miocene of Oeningen. The Gryllidae (crickets) 

 occur in the Lias and in the Oligocene amber. 



ORDER III. NEUROPTERA 



Insects allied to the Neuroptera are met with in the 

 Coal Measures, but the earliest forms which can be definitely 

 referred to this Order occur in the Lias. Many examples 

 of the Termitidae (white ants) have been discovered in the 

 Oligocene and Miocene. The Odonata (dragonflies) are 

 represented in the Lias, the Stonesfield Slate, the Solen- 

 hofen Limestone, and in the Miocene of Oeningen and 

 Colorado. Ephemeridas (may-flies) occur in the Oligocene 

 amber and in the Miocene of Colorado. Panorpidae 

 (scorpion-flies) appear in the Lias. Examples of the 

 Phryganeidae (caddis-flies) are found in the Lias, the Pur- 

 beck Beds, and in the Oligocene amber. 



ORDER IV. LEPIDOPTERA 



Butterflies and moths are very rare as fossils. A few 

 occur in the Middle and Upper Jurassic rocks, e.g. Palceon- 



