Phylum VI. MOLLUSC A.' 



(Malacozoa Blainville ; Saccata Hyatt.) 



The Mollusca form a well -characterised, and, on the whole, remarkably 

 homogeneous group of Invertebrates, which have existed since the earliest 

 recognised advent of life upon the globe. Their progressive modifications 

 afford us a most important guide to the successive stages of the evolution of 

 organic life as preserved in the various geological horizons. 



The Mollusca are characterised as a group by passing through a Trocho- 



1 Literature : Adams, H. and A., The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 2 vols. London, 1853-58. — 

 PhiUppi, R. A., Handbuch' der Conchyliologie. Halle, l^^Z.—Keferstein, W., Die Malacozoa. 

 Bronn's Classen und Ordnungen des Tluerreichs, vol. iii., 1862-66.— Tryow, G. IF., ahA Pilsbry, 

 H. A., Manual of Conchology, 16 vols. Philadelphia, 1879-96.— T^isc/ter, P., Manuel de Con- 

 chyliologie et de Paleoutologie conchyliologique, 1880-87. — Woodward, S. P., Manual of the 

 Mollusca. 4th Edition, with' Appendix by R. Tate, mO.—Tnjon, G. W., Structural and Syste- 

 matic Conchology, 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-84.— //^ermp-, H. von, Le Systeme naturel des 

 Mollusques. Bull. Sci. France, 1891, vol. xxiii. — PeZseneer, P., Introduction a Tetude des 

 Mollusques. Brussels, 1894. 



Sovxrby, J., Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 7 vols. London, 1812-30.— ^rocc/w, G. B., 

 Conchiologia fossils subappenina, 2 vols. Milan, ISU.—Deshayes, G. P., Coquilles fossiles des 

 environs de Paris, 3 vols., 1824-37. — Goldfuss, A., Petrefacta Germaniae, 1826-40.— CowrarZ, T. A., 

 Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations "of North America (1832-33) ; and Fossils of the Medial 

 Tertiary of the United States (1838-61). Reprints by G. D. Harris, l^°iZ.^ Morton, S. G., Synopsis 

 of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States, ISBi.—Philipjn, E. A., 

 Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae, 2 vols., l83Q-U.—Grateloup, J. P. S., Catalogue zoologique du 

 Bassin de Gironde. Bordeaux, lSSS-40.— Hall, J., Palaeontology of New York, vols, i.-viii. 

 Albany, 1847-95. — IFoof^, S., Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. Palaeont. Soc, 1848-56, vols, i., 

 ii. — Sandberger, G. and F., Die Versteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau, 

 1850-56. — Af orris and Lycett, Monograph of the Mollusca of the Great Oolite. Palaeont. Soc, 

 1850-63.— il/'Coy, F., British Palaeozoic Fossils. London, 1851-55.— Picfei, F. J., and Campiche, 

 G., Description des fossiles du terrain cretace de Sainte-Croix. Paleont. Suisse, ser. 5, vols, i.-iv., 

 1858-72.— Quenstedt, F. A., Der Jura. Tiibingen, \8h8.— Sandberger, F., Die Conchylien des 

 Mainzer Beckens. Wiesbaden, 1860-63.— Des/;ayes, G. P., Description des animau.\ sans vertebres 

 decouverts dans le Bassin de Paris, 5 vols. Paris, 1860-66.— ZoHo/, P. de. Monographs of the 

 . Fauna of the Upper Jura of Switzerland, Haute-Marne, Yonne, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Valtin, Tonnerre ; 

 of the Neocomian of Mt. Saleve ; the Urgonian of Landeron ; the Gault of Cosne, etc., 1861-75. — 

 Cossmann, M., Essais de paleoconchologie comparce. Paris, 18^5.— Gabb, W. M., Palaeontology of 

 California, vols. i. and ii., 1864, 1869. — Idem, Topography and Geology of Santo Domingo. Trans. 

 Am. Phil. Soc, 1873, vol. xv.— Geuiiiz, H. B., Die Dyas. Leipzic, 1864. — Koninck, L. G. de, 

 Faune du calcaire carbonifere de la Belgique. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Belg., 1886, vol. vi. — M'Coy, 

 F., Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland, 1862. — Meek, 

 F. B., Report on the Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary Fossils of the Upper Missouri Country. 

 U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1876, vol. ix. — Waagen, W., Salt Range Fossils. Mem. Geol. Surv. India. 

 Palaeont. Indica, ser. 13, \88Q-87 . — White, C. A., Non-marine fossil Mollusca of North America. 

 3rd Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1883.— TFa^co^, C. I)., Fauna of the Lower Cambrian or 

 Olenellus Zone. 10th Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv., \8'^<^. — Whidborne, G. F, Monograph of the 

 Devonian Fauna of the South of England. Palaeontogr. Soc, 1889-1907.— il/ec^-, /''• B., and 

 WortJien, A. H., Palaeontology of Illinois, 1866-75, vols, i.-vi. 



421 



