798 



ARTHROPODA 



PHYLUM VII 



pail- sometimes elongated and adapted for springing ; cerci short or of moderate size ; 

 abdominal segments without lateral lobes. Females of some species with a well-developed 

 ovipositor. 



This Paleozoic group is apparently intermediate in position between the Palaeo- 

 dictyoptera and Orthoptera proj^er. There are upwards of ninety known species, 

 about twenty of which occur in the Coal Measures of North America, and forty in 

 the Permian of Kansas. The following named families have been distinguished : 



Spanioderidae, of which the genus Spaniodera Haudl. (Fig. 1536) is an example,- 

 Ischnoneuridae, Cnemidolestidae, Prototettigidae, Homalophlebidae, ProtokoUariidae, 

 Schuchertiellidae, Pachytylopsidae, Caloneuridae, Stenaropodidae, Oediscliiidae (with 

 well-developed jumping legs as shown in Oedischia Brongu.) (Fig. 1537), Omalidae, 

 Geraridae, Sthenaroceridae, Apithanidae, Cacurgidae, and Narkemidae. 



Order 5. ORTHOPTERA Olivier. 



Mouth parts well developed, mandihulate} Wings unequal., capable of being folded 

 backwards over the abdomen. Fore wings coriaceous, ivith numerous cross-veins, and the 

 principal longitudinal veins, with most of their branches, directed totvards the outer 

 margin. Hind wings thinner, delicately veined, with a large, plicated anal area. 

 Prothorax saddle-shapied ; hind legs generally saltatorial. 



The Orthoptera are Insects of comparatively large size. The largest of existing 

 Insects are included within this order, and none of its members is so small as are 

 many minute representatives of other orders. Modern forms include grasshoppers, 

 locusts, green grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets. 



/^^^ 



Suborder A. LOCUSTOIDEA Leach. (Locusts and Crickets). 



Cubital area in the fore wings of the male {in most modern forms) modified into 

 stridulating organs; anterior tibiae loith auditory organ ; tarsi three- or four-jointed ; 



antennae long and slender, consisting of 

 more than thirty segments; female almost 

 alioays with well developed ovipositor. 



The earliest known members of this 

 suborder are found in the Lias of 

 Europe, and belong to the extinct 

 families of Locustopsidae and Elcanidae 

 (the latter typified by the genus Elcana 

 Giebel) (Fig. 1538). Apparently no 

 stridulating organs were developed, but 

 in the Elcanidae lamellar ajipendages 

 have been observed on the posterior 

 tibiae, by means of which the insects were probably able to ambulate on the surface 

 of the water or liquid mud after the manner of some living Tridactylidae and 

 Gryllidae. The Jura of Europe has yielded some true Locustidae (Green Grass- 

 hojipers) and Gryllidae (Crickets) with stridulating organs, and the families Tri- 

 dactylidae and Gryllotalpidae make their appearance in the early Tertiary. Remains 



•• By tlie term niandibulate or " orthopteroiil " mouth is meant one in which the mandibles, or 

 maxillae, or both, are fitted for biting, crushing, or grasping food ; while the term suctorial implies 

 that some of the mouth parts are of a tubular form or are protrusible as a proboscis, wliich assists, 

 or protects, a more minute and delicate sucking apparatus. 



Fig. 153S. 



Elcana, geinUzi Hear. $ Upper Lias ; Dobbertin in 

 Mecklenburg. A true Locustoid, the cerci, tarsi ami 

 ocelli partly restored. 10/3 (after Handlirseli). 



