336 proceedings: anthropological society 



balance of power between Egypt and Babylonia, until finally over- 

 thrown by Sargon, King of Assyria, in 717 B. C. They were variously 

 known as Hethites, Hittites, Hatti, Khiti, etc., and, from their sculp- 

 tures, appear to have been a broad-headed people of rather short stat- 

 ure and irregular features, of the physical type represented by the 

 modern Armenians, although their linguistic affinity is not yet estab- 

 lished. Their inscriptions are recorded both in hieroglyphic and in 

 cuneiform characters. Their sculptural art is crude but strong, the 

 winged lion, winged sun, and double eagle motifs being of frequent oc- 

 currence. Facsimiles in plaster of a number of the more important 

 sculptures taken out under Doctor von Luschan's supervision are now 

 in our own National Museum by courtesy of Berlin. The lecture was 

 illustrated with a fine series of lantern slides. 



At the 480th meeting of the Society, held January 5, 1915, in the 

 Pul)lic Library, Dr. John R. Swanton, of the Bureau of American 

 Ethnology, read a paper on the Ethnologic factors in international 

 competition. About 25 persons were present. Dr. Swanton reviewed 

 the different factors tending to bring about union and disunion between 

 human societies. He showed that these had been operative in all 

 parts of the world and stood for two great complementary principles 

 which were probably necessary to the best development of the race as 

 a whole. At the same time it is not necessary or desirable for the 

 principle of disunion to extend to open war. The end of warfare may 

 be confidently predicted from the constant increase in size and decrease 

 in number of political units, from the progressive weaving of the world 

 more closely together by means of transportation facilties and other 

 means of communication, not to mention the gradual international 

 bankruptcy which war entails. Next, the evolution of a standing army 

 was traced and its copartnership noted with an aristocratic ruling 

 class. The integration of smaller states into larger was shown to be 

 brought about in two ways; by the alliance of coordinate units, and 

 by combinations in which- some were subordinate and some dominant. 

 States of the latter class have resulted largely from war; and it was 

 shown that two kinds of subordination took place, subordination of 

 peoples as a whole without the entire break up of their internal organi- 

 zation and subordination of classes. It was stated that this latter kind 

 of subordination was largely responsible for slavery and serfdom suc- 

 cessively; and it was alleged that it has left its stain upon modern society, 

 in which subjection has been transferred to the economic field and has 

 been accomplished by an extension of the laws of property enabling 

 one class to levy a heavy toll for the use of things which another class 

 needs. There can be no permanent peace until exploitation of one 

 nation or class by another comes to an end and the principle of "home 

 rule" is extended with due relativity down to the smallest political 

 and industrial groups. 



Several members discussed the paper. 



Daniel Folkmar, Secretary. 



