544 FEWKES: UNIT TYPE OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE 



who lived in all buildings now ruins spoke one of the surviving 

 languages; or at all events we have not sufficient data to decide 

 to what linguistic stock many of them should be assigne.d. The 

 existing classification of Pueblos, according to Major Powell, 

 is one of languages, not cultures ; for linguistic data are not com- 

 prehensive enough to include culture areas of Pueblos of the past. 



The first archaeological feature to be considered in a classi- 

 fication based on the culture of people whose language is unknown 

 is architecture, the character of the houses. Sufficient evidence 

 is accumulating to show that a greater uniformity existed in build- 

 ings in the earliest times than later in their history. The most 

 ancient people of our Southwest inhabited a type of dwelling 

 which differed greatly from a Gila compound, like Casa Grande, 

 and from a terraced pueblo, like Laguna. We find evidences of 

 the existence of prehistoric dwellings, subterranean rooms of 

 circular or rectangular forms, and of simple buildings above 

 ground whose walls were constructed of stones or of logs with 

 entwined twigs plastered with clay. Evidences may be adduced 

 to show that there formerly existed in what is now called the 

 pueblo area an antecedent more or less uniform culture, called the 

 pre-puebloan, in which habitations were solitary, the rooms un- 

 connected and one story high. This pre-puebloan type of halDi- 

 tation is widespread; it has been reported even from localities 

 where the true pueblo style of building was later evolved, while 

 on the periphery of the pueblo area the single one-house type 

 survived into historic times and was never submerged by more 

 complex forms. This early simple style, recognized by Mr. C. 

 Mindeleff, Baron Nordenskiold, Gushing and others, is here re- 

 garded as the nucleus from which later types have sprung. 



When we examine the present distribution of ruins in our 

 Southwest it is found that they fall geographically into northern 

 and southern groups, separated by a line extending from Fort 

 Graig on the Rio Grande, along the rim of the Mogollons to Oak 

 Greek, Arizona, and thence north to the mouth of the Little 

 Golorado. One of these areas may be called the northern, the 

 other the southern. They differ in climatic, biologic, and other 

 environmental conditions, to which may be traced in part marked 



