FEWKES: UNIT TYPE OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE 545 



cultural differences. The most ancient habitations of both 

 these areas have architectural features in common, as simple 

 houses, and natural and artificial cave-dwellings. There exist also 

 marked architectural differences; in the south the dwellings are 

 large and isolated, grouped into rancherias, or, when communal, 

 contracted into compact blocks of rooms. The inhabitants of 

 these buildings looked for protection to the latter or to fortifi- 

 cations called trincheras, situated on the neighboring hillsides. 

 They had no specialized ceremonial rooms, called kivas, and few 

 if any of the ruins were terraced or had more than one story. 

 The dwelling of the southern group closely resembles those of 

 an early epoch, of which they may be a survival or of a time when 

 there were slight differences in the buildings in the several geo- 

 graphical regions of the Southwest. A close similarity exists 

 between these earliest habitations and those of southern Cali- 

 fornia or of the plains east of the pueblo region. In course of 

 development, differentiation, however, soon came about by 

 reason of climatic influences and the pressure of hostile tribes, 

 the nature of which in the southern area does not concern us in 

 this discussion. 



Did the terraced compact form of architecture in the north 

 aAd the isolated type of dwellings with communal houses in the 

 south arise independently in these two regions, or was one evolved 

 from the other? ^ Aly answer would be that there is no relation 

 of sequence, but that each originated independently and developed 

 from a common type. The pueblo form was not due to extra- 

 territorial influences from the southern area, as suggested by some 

 archeologists, but is the result of local growth through a stage 

 when defence was necessary. We need not follow those who 

 regard the ''unit type'" as a cultural phase, but may look upon it 

 as a cultural stage from which the pueblo evolved. But here we 

 must discriminate, for there are cliff-habitations on the Upper 

 Gila and in the Sierra Madre in Mexico that are morphologically 

 different from those of the Mesa Verde, Colorado, and those 

 along the San Juan. These latter cliff-dwellings are stages in 

 the development of terraced pueblos; the former may have been 

 phases of architecture adapted to use in caves. 



