FEWKES: UNIT TYPE OF PrEBLO ARCHITECTURE 549 



Thus the restricted area of the cave led to modification of 

 the pre-puebloan type of dwelhngs and developed them into 

 terraced communal houses since called the ''unit type." Secur- 

 ity dependent on life in caves having become less necessary on 

 account of the increase of numbers, the cliff-dwellers later moved 

 out of the caves to sites on the mesa tops, and afterwards into 

 the vallej^s, carrying with them this type of architecture, born 

 in caves. Through conservatism they still retained this "unit 

 type," which was partially preserved by the matriarchal system 

 of house holding and clan descent, even after several "unit types" 

 had united to form a complex modern pueblo. 



The question naturally arises : Which of the surviving linguistic 

 stocks above mentioned may be regarded as nearest related to 

 that of the early culture when the "unit type" originated? 



Studies of the migration stories, myths, and ceremonies still 

 surviving among the Hopi and the Zuni point to the so-called 

 Keres as the most ancient linguistic stock. This stock is now 

 shrunken in its distribution, surviving in the pueblos of Laguna, 

 Cochiti, Acoma, Sia, Santo Domingo, and a few smaller \'illages. 

 The cultural center of the area in which the "unit type"' originated 

 was the San Juan, the Chaco, and Chelly canyons, and the valley 

 of the Puerco. The Keres pueblos are situated approximately 

 on its southern boundary, while on the east side their influence 

 extended as far as the Rio Grande or crossed to the left bank. 

 Survivals of this stock are still represented in many pueblos, 

 speaking other Pueblo languages, showing that Keresan clans 

 were widely distributed in prehistoric times. It is probable that 

 colonies from its cultural center migrated into northern Arizona, 

 and that some of its clans followed down the San Juan river to 

 the region now occupied by the Hopi villages. Keresan colonies 

 were planted near Zuiii and contributed originally to the modi- 

 fication of this pueblo, the nucleus of which, as shown by 

 Gushing, was a group of clans from the Gila basin migrating 

 by way of the Little Colorado. 



The cause of the origin of the several minor forms in pueblo 

 architecture is' secondary to that which led to the evolution of 

 the "unit type;"" for instance, in the ancient Keres culture area 



