552 FEWKES: UNIT TYPE OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE 



this area were clusters of houses, generally isolated, which in 

 some places, however, had been built closer together, either 

 for protection or because of the influx of Pueblos. This was 

 practically a region of agricultural tribes and buffalo hunters. i" 



Bordering the prehistoric Keres on the south and the west 

 we find evidences of the existence of an extensive population 

 along the headwaters of the Gila and the Little Colorado, includ- 

 ing the inhabitants of several fertile valleys along numerous 

 tributaries. The language spoken in this region is unknown, 

 and the culture has not been connected with any special pueblo 

 area, but this culture was greatly modified by admixture with 

 incoming Keres and Tewa clans. Zuiii, on a tributary of the 

 Little Colorado, was modified, as shown by Mr. Cushing, by 

 clans of Keres stock that inhabited the "round" ruined pueblos," 

 and later by Tanoan elements, which joined it not long before 

 1540, the beginning of the historic epoch. 



A word should be said, in closing this brief discussion, on the 

 relation of the Casa Grande or "compound type,"^- characteristic 

 of the Gila and Salt River valleys, and the pueblo proper. This 

 architectural type, like the true pueblo, originated independently 

 in the valley in which it is. now found. The interpretation of 

 its relation to the true pueblo is that both were evolved from a 

 common pre-existing type, the so-called pre-puebloan. 



The same explanation of independent origin holds also in re- 

 gard to Sierra Madre plateau, or "Casas Grandes" type, and 

 that found among the prehistoric inhabitants of the Mimbres 

 valley, southern New Mexico. This latter culture, like terraced 

 pueblos, was evolved independently in the valley in which its 

 remains are now found. It likewise was preceded by a culture 

 comparable, in architectural features, with the pre-puebloan, 

 a type represented by great buildings, Casa Grandes, in the 

 south, and highly developed pottery symbols in the north. 



1" The Pecos language survived to within a few years in a small, extra-terri- 

 torial village on the Rio Grande near El Paso, but is now extinct. 



'iMatyata ("Archeotekopa"), Jour. Amer. Arch. Eth., 1: 2. 1891. 



'2 The "compound" type is so clearly defined in the author's report on Casa 

 Grande (28th Ann. Rept. Bureau of American Ethnology) that only confusion 

 will result if true pueblos are designated "compounds." 



