Chap. I. RUDIMENTS. 17 



" peculiarity in the human structure ; " but in an em- 

 bryo, about an inch in length, Prof. Wyman 16 found 

 " that the great toe was shorter than the others, and, 

 " instead of being parallel to them, projected at an 

 " angle from the side of the foot, thus corresponding 

 " with the permanent condition of this part in the 

 " quadrumana." I will conclude with a quotation from 

 Huxley, 17 who after asking, does man originate in a 

 different way from a dog, bird, frog or fish ? says, " the 

 " reply is uot doubtful for a moment; without question, 

 " the mode of origin and the early stages of the develop- 

 " ment of man are identical with those of the animals 

 " immediately below him in the scale : without a doubt 

 " in these respects, he is far nearer to apes, than the apes 

 " are to the dog." 



Budiments. — This subject, though not intrinsically 

 more important than the two last, will for several rea- 

 sons be here treated with more fullness. 18 Not one of 

 the higher animals can be named which does not bear 

 some part in a rudimentary condition ; and man forms 

 no exception to the rule. Rudimentary organs must 

 be distinguished from those that are nascent ; though 

 in some cases the distinction is not easy. The former 

 are either absolutely useless, such as the mammae of 

 male quadrupeds, or the incisor teeth of ruminants 

 which never cut through the gums ; or they are of such 

 slight service to their present possessors, that we cannot 

 suppose that they were developed under the conditions 



16 'Proc. Soc. Nat. Hist.' Boston, 1863, vol. ix. p. 185. 



17 ' Man's Place in Nature,' p. G5. 



18 I had written a rough copy of this chapter before reading a valu- 

 able paper, " Caratteri rudimc ntali in ordine all' origine del uoino " 

 (' Annuario della Soc. d. Nat.,' Modena, 1867, p. 81), by G. Canestrini. 

 to which paper I am considerably indebted. H'ackel has given admi- 

 rable discussions on this whole subject, under the title of Dysteleology, 

 in his ' Generelle Morphologie' and ' Schopfungsgeschichte.' 



VOL. 1. C 



